LOELÀ Lowest observed effects level, determined by statistical hypothesis
testing methods.
MTC À Minimum threshold concentration, determined by statistical hypothesis-testing methods.
MATC À Maximum allowable toxicant concentration, determined by
graphical or statistical methods.
These concentrations and doses usually refer to the concentration or dose
that does not produce a statistically significant effect. The ability to determine
accurately a threshold level or no-effect level is dependent upon a number of
criteria, including:
4
Sample size and replication
Number of endpoints observed
Number of dosages or concentration
Ability to measure the endpoints
Intrinsic variability of the endpoints within the experimental population
Statistical methodology
1.6 REFERENCES
1. USDHHS, Health, United States, 2003, with Chartbook on Trends in the Health
of Americans, U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD,
2003.
2. Moran, E. F. and Fleming-Moran, M., Global environmental change: the
health and environmental implications in Brazil and Amazon basin, Environ.
Sci., 4 (Suppl.), S025, 1996.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, A framework for Ecological Risk
Assessment. EPA/630/R-92/001, Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, D.C.,
1992.
4. Landis, W.G. and Yu, M.-H., Introduction to Environmental Toxicology, 3rd
ed., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 2004.
5. Cockerham, L.G. and Shane, B.S., Eds., Basic Environmental Toxicology, CRC
Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.
1.7 REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the principal objective of the study of environmental toxicology?
2. What are the most marked developments in our environment in the recent
decades?
3. What does NEPA stand for?
4. What is meant by toxicity?
5. Define point sources and nonpoint sources.
6. What is the dose–response relationship? What is its importance in our
study?
10
Environmental Toxicology
[16:55 26/8/04 P:/CRC PRESS/4365 MING-HO.751 (1670)/4365-001.3d]
Ref: 4365 MING-HO YU Chap-001 Page: 10 1-12
testing methods.
MTC À Minimum threshold concentration, determined by statistical hypothesis-testing methods.
MATC À Maximum allowable toxicant concentration, determined by
graphical or statistical methods.
These concentrations and doses usually refer to the concentration or dose
that does not produce a statistically significant effect. The ability to determine
accurately a threshold level or no-effect level is dependent upon a number of
criteria, including:
4
Sample size and replication
Number of endpoints observed
Number of dosages or concentration
Ability to measure the endpoints
Intrinsic variability of the endpoints within the experimental population
Statistical methodology
1.6 REFERENCES
1. USDHHS, Health, United States, 2003, with Chartbook on Trends in the Health
of Americans, U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD,
2003.
2. Moran, E. F. and Fleming-Moran, M., Global environmental change: the
health and environmental implications in Brazil and Amazon basin, Environ.
Sci., 4 (Suppl.), S025, 1996.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, A framework for Ecological Risk
Assessment. EPA/630/R-92/001, Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, D.C.,
1992.
4. Landis, W.G. and Yu, M.-H., Introduction to Environmental Toxicology, 3rd
ed., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 2004.
5. Cockerham, L.G. and Shane, B.S., Eds., Basic Environmental Toxicology, CRC
Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.
1.7 REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the principal objective of the study of environmental toxicology?
2. What are the most marked developments in our environment in the recent
decades?
3. What does NEPA stand for?
4. What is meant by toxicity?
5. Define point sources and nonpoint sources.
6. What is the dose–response relationship? What is its importance in our
study?
10
Environmental Toxicology
[16:55 26/8/04 P:/CRC PRESS/4365 MING-HO.751 (1670)/4365-001.3d]
Ref: 4365 MING-HO YU Chap-001 Page: 10 1-12