individuals living in the neighborhood of asbestos factories and mines and in
people living with asbestos workers.
16 As mentioned in Section 5.6.1, there is
synergism between cigarette smoking and asbestos exposure in relation to lung
cancer development.
It is widely recognized that problems associated with asbestos still exist,
although they have greatly decreased in the U.S. The health problems
associated with asbestos exposure are well known and widely recognized. As
a result, occupational standards have become more stringent, and testing
methods more sophisticated. With improvement in remediation methods, and
the availability of more information about how asbestos fibers cause health
problems in humans, the threat of asbestos to humans should continue to
diminish.
9.8 REFERENCES
1. Fennelly, P.F., The origin and influence of airborne particulates, Am. Sci., 64,
46, 1976.
2. Abelson, P.H., Airborne particulate matter, Science, 281, 1609, 1998.
3. Natusch, D.F.S. and Wallace, J.R., Urban aerosol toxicity: The influence of
particle size, Science, 186, 695, 1974.
4. Ondov, J.W. and Wexler, A.S., Where do particulate toxins reside? An
improved paradigm for the structure and dynamics of the urban mid-Atlantic
aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2547, 1998.
5. Odum, J.R. et al., The atmospheric aerosol-forming potential of whole gasoline
vapor, Science, 276, 96, 1997.
6. Costa, M. and Mollenhauer, H.H., Carcinogenic activity of particulate nickel
compounds is proportional to their cellular uptake, Science, 209, 515. 1980.
7. Hauser, R. et al., Upper airway response to workers exposed to fuel oil ash:
Nasal lavage analysis, Occup. Environ. Med., 52, 353, 1995.
8. Schwartz, J., Total suspended particulate matter and daily mortality in
Cincinnati, Ohio, Environ. Health Persp., 102, 186, 1994.
9. Brauer, M. and Hisham-Hashim, J., Fires in Indonesia: Crisis and reaction,
Environ. Sci. Technol., Sept. 1, 404A, 1998.
10. He, K., Huo, H. and Zhang, Q., Urban air pollution in china: Current status,
characteristics, and progress, Ann. Rev. Energy Environ., 27, 397, 2002.
11. Xu, X. et al., Association of air pollution with hospital outpatient visits in
Beijing, Arch. Environ. Health, 50, 214, 1995.
12. Ha, E.H. et al., Infant susceptibility of mortality to air pollution in Seoul,
South Korea, Pediatrics, 111, 284, 2003.
13. Allison, A.C., Harington, J.S. and Birbeck, M., An examination of the
cytotoxic effects of silica on macrophages, J. Exp. Med., 124, 141, 1966.
14. Goyer, R.A., The basic science of poisons, in Klassen, C.C., Amdur, M.O. and
Doull, J., Eds., Cassrett and Doull’s Toxicology, Macmillan Publ. Co., New
York, 1986, p.582.
15. Goldblatt, P.J., Beryllium-induced ultrastructural changes in intact and
regenerating liver. Arch. Environ. Health, 26, 48, 1973.
146
Environmental Toxicology
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people living with asbestos workers.
16 As mentioned in Section 5.6.1, there is
synergism between cigarette smoking and asbestos exposure in relation to lung
cancer development.
It is widely recognized that problems associated with asbestos still exist,
although they have greatly decreased in the U.S. The health problems
associated with asbestos exposure are well known and widely recognized. As
a result, occupational standards have become more stringent, and testing
methods more sophisticated. With improvement in remediation methods, and
the availability of more information about how asbestos fibers cause health
problems in humans, the threat of asbestos to humans should continue to
diminish.
9.8 REFERENCES
1. Fennelly, P.F., The origin and influence of airborne particulates, Am. Sci., 64,
46, 1976.
2. Abelson, P.H., Airborne particulate matter, Science, 281, 1609, 1998.
3. Natusch, D.F.S. and Wallace, J.R., Urban aerosol toxicity: The influence of
particle size, Science, 186, 695, 1974.
4. Ondov, J.W. and Wexler, A.S., Where do particulate toxins reside? An
improved paradigm for the structure and dynamics of the urban mid-Atlantic
aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2547, 1998.
5. Odum, J.R. et al., The atmospheric aerosol-forming potential of whole gasoline
vapor, Science, 276, 96, 1997.
6. Costa, M. and Mollenhauer, H.H., Carcinogenic activity of particulate nickel
compounds is proportional to their cellular uptake, Science, 209, 515. 1980.
7. Hauser, R. et al., Upper airway response to workers exposed to fuel oil ash:
Nasal lavage analysis, Occup. Environ. Med., 52, 353, 1995.
8. Schwartz, J., Total suspended particulate matter and daily mortality in
Cincinnati, Ohio, Environ. Health Persp., 102, 186, 1994.
9. Brauer, M. and Hisham-Hashim, J., Fires in Indonesia: Crisis and reaction,
Environ. Sci. Technol., Sept. 1, 404A, 1998.
10. He, K., Huo, H. and Zhang, Q., Urban air pollution in china: Current status,
characteristics, and progress, Ann. Rev. Energy Environ., 27, 397, 2002.
11. Xu, X. et al., Association of air pollution with hospital outpatient visits in
Beijing, Arch. Environ. Health, 50, 214, 1995.
12. Ha, E.H. et al., Infant susceptibility of mortality to air pollution in Seoul,
South Korea, Pediatrics, 111, 284, 2003.
13. Allison, A.C., Harington, J.S. and Birbeck, M., An examination of the
cytotoxic effects of silica on macrophages, J. Exp. Med., 124, 141, 1966.
14. Goyer, R.A., The basic science of poisons, in Klassen, C.C., Amdur, M.O. and
Doull, J., Eds., Cassrett and Doull’s Toxicology, Macmillan Publ. Co., New
York, 1986, p.582.
15. Goldblatt, P.J., Beryllium-induced ultrastructural changes in intact and
regenerating liver. Arch. Environ. Health, 26, 48, 1973.
146
Environmental Toxicology
[16:52 26/8/04 P:/CRC PRESS/4365 MING-HO.751 (1670)/4365-009.3d]
Ref: 4365 MING-HO YU Chap-009 Page: 146 135-148