while after exposure to high concentrations of NaF, SOD activity was
depressed.
8,9
7.4 REFERENCES
1. Eisler, R., A review of arsenic hazards to plants and animals with emphasis on
fishery and wildlife resources, in Nriagu, J.O., Ed., Arsenic in the Environment.
Part II: Human Health and Ecosystem Effects, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New
York, 1994, p.185.
2. Thomas, L.B. and Popper, H., Pathology of angiosarcoma of the liver among
vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride workers, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 246, 268, 1975.
3. Gedigk, P., Muller, R. and Bechtelsheimer, H., Morphology of liver damage
among polyvinyl chloride production workers. A report on 51 cases, Ann. N.Y.
Acad. Sci., 246, 278, 1975.
4. Schnellmann, R.G., Toxic responses of the kidney, in Klassen, C.D., Ed.,
Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing
Division, New York, 2001, p.491.
5. Goyer, R.A., Urinary system, in Mottet, N.K., Ed., Environmental Pathology,
Oxford University Press, New York, 1985, p.290.
6. Klaassen, C.D., Liu, J. and Choudhuri, S., Metallothionein, an intercellular
protein to protect against cadmium toxicity, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol.,
39, 267, 1999.
7. Engle, R.L. and Gabelman, W.H., Inheritance and mechanisms for resistance
to ozone damage in onion (Allium cepa L.), J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 89, 423,
1966.
8. Wilde, L.G. and Yu, M.-H., Effect of fluoride on superoxide dismutase (SOD)
activity in germinating mung bean seedlings, Fluoride, 31, 81, 1998.
9. Lawson, P.B. and Yu, M.-H., Fluoride inhibition of superoxide dismutase
(SOD) from the earthworm Eisenia fetida, Fluoride, 36, l43, 2003.
7.5 REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is acute bronchitis? How does it occur?
2. How does chronic bronchitis occur?
3. What is the function of alveoli?
4. Which of the following types of cells are responsible for the exchange of
CO 2 and O 2 ? (a) alveolar epithelial cells, (b) endothelial cells, (c) large
alveolar cells, (d) alveolar macrophages.
5. What is emphysema? Briefly explain how it occurs.
6. What is the function of a macrophage, and how does it perform its
function?
7. Which environmental agents can affect the function of macrophages?
8. What is the composition of the membranes of mammalian cells?
9. Explain the characteristics of phospholipid bilayer in membranes.
10. What is metallothionein (MT)? What is unique about the amino acid
composition of MTs?
11. Explain how MTs are related to Cd exposure.
Defense Responses to Toxicants
109
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Ref: 4365 MING-HO YU Chap-007 Page: 109 99-110
depressed.
8,9
7.4 REFERENCES
1. Eisler, R., A review of arsenic hazards to plants and animals with emphasis on
fishery and wildlife resources, in Nriagu, J.O., Ed., Arsenic in the Environment.
Part II: Human Health and Ecosystem Effects, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New
York, 1994, p.185.
2. Thomas, L.B. and Popper, H., Pathology of angiosarcoma of the liver among
vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride workers, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 246, 268, 1975.
3. Gedigk, P., Muller, R. and Bechtelsheimer, H., Morphology of liver damage
among polyvinyl chloride production workers. A report on 51 cases, Ann. N.Y.
Acad. Sci., 246, 278, 1975.
4. Schnellmann, R.G., Toxic responses of the kidney, in Klassen, C.D., Ed.,
Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing
Division, New York, 2001, p.491.
5. Goyer, R.A., Urinary system, in Mottet, N.K., Ed., Environmental Pathology,
Oxford University Press, New York, 1985, p.290.
6. Klaassen, C.D., Liu, J. and Choudhuri, S., Metallothionein, an intercellular
protein to protect against cadmium toxicity, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol.,
39, 267, 1999.
7. Engle, R.L. and Gabelman, W.H., Inheritance and mechanisms for resistance
to ozone damage in onion (Allium cepa L.), J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 89, 423,
1966.
8. Wilde, L.G. and Yu, M.-H., Effect of fluoride on superoxide dismutase (SOD)
activity in germinating mung bean seedlings, Fluoride, 31, 81, 1998.
9. Lawson, P.B. and Yu, M.-H., Fluoride inhibition of superoxide dismutase
(SOD) from the earthworm Eisenia fetida, Fluoride, 36, l43, 2003.
7.5 REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is acute bronchitis? How does it occur?
2. How does chronic bronchitis occur?
3. What is the function of alveoli?
4. Which of the following types of cells are responsible for the exchange of
CO 2 and O 2 ? (a) alveolar epithelial cells, (b) endothelial cells, (c) large
alveolar cells, (d) alveolar macrophages.
5. What is emphysema? Briefly explain how it occurs.
6. What is the function of a macrophage, and how does it perform its
function?
7. Which environmental agents can affect the function of macrophages?
8. What is the composition of the membranes of mammalian cells?
9. Explain the characteristics of phospholipid bilayer in membranes.
10. What is metallothionein (MT)? What is unique about the amino acid
composition of MTs?
11. Explain how MTs are related to Cd exposure.
Defense Responses to Toxicants
109
[16:53 26/8/04 P:/CRC PRESS/4365 MING-HO.751 (1670)/4365-007.3d]
Ref: 4365 MING-HO YU Chap-007 Page: 109 99-110