Alzheimer’s Disease Early Detection Using a Densenet-121
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Cognitive Normal (CN). CN patients are the control subjects in the ADNI
study. They have healthy aging. They show no signs of depression, mild cognitive
impairment, or dementia [1].
Significant Memory Concern (SMC). SMC is a self-report significant memory concern from the patient, quantified by using the Cognitive Change Index
and the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) of zero. Subjective memory concerns
are correlated with a higher likelihood of progression, thereby minimizing the
stratification of risk among normal controls and addressing the gap between
healthy elderly controls and mild cognitive impairment. However, SMC patients
score within the normal range for cognition [1].
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). MCI participants have reported a subjective memory concern either autonomously or via an informant or clinician.
However, daily living activities are mainly preserved, there are no significant
levels of impairment in other cognitive domains, and no signs of dementia exist.
Levels of MCI (early or late) are determined using the Wechsler Memory Scale
Logical Memory II [1].
Alzheimer’s Disease. AD is the most common cause of dementia, a general
term for memory loss and other cognitive abilities severe enough to interfere with
daily life. It is a progressive disease, where dementia symptoms gradually worsen
over several years. Individuals lose the ability to carry on a conversation and
respond to their environment. Current medications cannot stop the disease from
progressing, they can temporarily slow the worsening of dementia symptoms and
improve quality of life for those with AD and their caregivers [17].
Since we aim to assess if those stages, including AD, are detected on medical
imaging, particularly on Magnetic Resonance Imaging, we continue describing
two medical imaging techniques.
2.2 Medical Imaging
Medical imaging is the process and technique of creating visual representations
of the inner of a human body for clinical analysis and medical intervention. We
introduce two types of medical imaging. We are especially interested in the input
of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) on DNN. Moreover, we also mention
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) because it is sometimes an input that
accompanies MRI. We follow describing what MRI and PET are.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging. MRI is a non-invasive imaging technology
that produces three-dimensional detailed anatomical images without the use of
radiation that damages human tissues. It is often used for disease detection and
diagnosis and treatment monitoring. It is based on sophisticated technology that
excites and detects the change in the direction of the rotational axis of protons
found in the water that makes up living tissues [15].
5
Cognitive Normal (CN). CN patients are the control subjects in the ADNI
study. They have healthy aging. They show no signs of depression, mild cognitive
impairment, or dementia [1].
Significant Memory Concern (SMC). SMC is a self-report significant memory concern from the patient, quantified by using the Cognitive Change Index
and the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) of zero. Subjective memory concerns
are correlated with a higher likelihood of progression, thereby minimizing the
stratification of risk among normal controls and addressing the gap between
healthy elderly controls and mild cognitive impairment. However, SMC patients
score within the normal range for cognition [1].
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). MCI participants have reported a subjective memory concern either autonomously or via an informant or clinician.
However, daily living activities are mainly preserved, there are no significant
levels of impairment in other cognitive domains, and no signs of dementia exist.
Levels of MCI (early or late) are determined using the Wechsler Memory Scale
Logical Memory II [1].
Alzheimer’s Disease. AD is the most common cause of dementia, a general
term for memory loss and other cognitive abilities severe enough to interfere with
daily life. It is a progressive disease, where dementia symptoms gradually worsen
over several years. Individuals lose the ability to carry on a conversation and
respond to their environment. Current medications cannot stop the disease from
progressing, they can temporarily slow the worsening of dementia symptoms and
improve quality of life for those with AD and their caregivers [17].
Since we aim to assess if those stages, including AD, are detected on medical
imaging, particularly on Magnetic Resonance Imaging, we continue describing
two medical imaging techniques.
2.2 Medical Imaging
Medical imaging is the process and technique of creating visual representations
of the inner of a human body for clinical analysis and medical intervention. We
introduce two types of medical imaging. We are especially interested in the input
of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) on DNN. Moreover, we also mention
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) because it is sometimes an input that
accompanies MRI. We follow describing what MRI and PET are.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging. MRI is a non-invasive imaging technology
that produces three-dimensional detailed anatomical images without the use of
radiation that damages human tissues. It is often used for disease detection and
diagnosis and treatment monitoring. It is based on sophisticated technology that
excites and detects the change in the direction of the rotational axis of protons
found in the water that makes up living tissues [15].