9y3
X .BtQM M/ _X GxBÉ
θ 2 , 1+? MQM@i`BpBH +QKTQM2Mi Q7 i?2 :oaa +QMiBMb bQK2 Ti? 7`QK i?2
BMBiBH iQ i?2 }MH bii2- pB r?B+? HH mM+QMbi`BM2/ +QQ`/BMi2b `2 BM+`2b2/X
h?2 bK2 Kmbi HbQ ?QH/ B7 i?2 +QKTQM2MiǶb `+b `2 `2p2`b2/X q2 +M 2pHmi2
θ 2 mbBM; biM/`/ H;Q`Bi?Kb r?B+? +QKTmi2 i?2 +Qp2`#BHBiv b2iX A7 θ 2 7BHb- i?2M
bQK2 +QQ`/BMi2 Bb #QmM/2/ 2p2`vr?2`2 BM i?2 bii2 bT+2 Q7 i?2 +QKTQM2Mic bm+?
+QQ`/BMi2 Bb `2}M2/ #v `2KQpBM; Bi 2MiB`2Hv UKFBM; Bi `B;B/V M/ 2M+Q/BM; Bib
TQbbB#H2 pHm2b BMiQ i?2 +QKTQM2MiǶb bii2bX
aQHpBM; *Qp2`#BHBiv q2 `2 #H2 iQ `2/m+2 7`QK i?2 +Qp2`#BHBiv T`Q#H2K iQ
i?2 `2+?#BHBiv T`Q#H2K BM i?2 7QHHQrBM; rvX amTTQb2 r2 `2 BMi2M/BM; iQ +Qp2`
bQK2 p2+iQ` měi?i Bb- r2 rBb? iQ `2+? Mv p2+iQ` m
bm+? i?i m
≥ mX
q2 BMi`Q/m+2 M2r bii2 Δ- M/ // i`MbBiBQM δ 7`QK i?2 }MH bii2 Q7
i?2 Q`B;BMH oaa iQ Δ- r?B+? bm#i`+ib m QM +iBpiBQMX b Δ +M QMHv #2
`2+?2/ #v bm#i`+iBM; m 7`QK Qm` +m``2Mi p2+iQ`- `2+?BM; p2+iQ` m
≥ m
UBX2X +Qp2`BM; mV Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ `2+?BM; bii2 ΔX 6Q` 2+? p2+iQ` +QQ`/BMi2 r2
BMi`Q/m+2 HQQTBM; i`MbBiBQM QM Δ r?B+? `2/m+2b i?2 pHm2 Q7 i?i +QQ`/BMi2
#v 1X h?Bb 2Mbm`2b i?i (0, ..., 0) +M #2 `2+?2/ 7`QK Mv +QM};m`iBQM BM bii2 ΔX
b `2bmHi- +Qp2`BM; m BM i?2 Q`B;BMH M2i Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ `2+?BM; (Δ, (0, ..., 0))
BM i?2 m;K2Mi2/ p2`bBQMX
AKTH2K2MiiBQM E_2+? Bb BKTH2K2Mi2/ BM i?2 >bF2HH T`Q;`KKBM; HM@
;m;2X h?Bb Bb bi`QM;Hv@ivT2/- 7mM+iBQMH HM;m;2 rBi? Hxv 2pHmiBQMX h?2
HM;m;2 rb +?Qb2M 7Q` Bib ?B;? H2p2H Q7 2tT`2bbBp2M2bb- ivT2@b72iv- M/ i?2 2b2
Q7 i`MbHiBQM #2ir22M H;Q`Bi?K M/ BKTH2K2MiiBQMX
q2 `2T`2b2Mi i?2 H;Q`Bi?K b 7mM+iBQM r?B+? iF2b HBbi Q7 :oaab- M/
`2im`Mb EQb`Dm_2bmHiX q2 T2`7Q`K /2Ti?@}`bi b2`+? Q7 i?2 `2}M2K2Mi i`222Bi?2` }M/BM; `2}M2K2Mi r?B+? T2`KBib `2+?#BHBiv UEQb`Dm>QH/bV Q` 2t@
?mbiBM; HH TQbbB#BHBiB2b UEQb`Dm.Q2bLQi>QH/VX h?2 H;Q`Bi?K Bb ;m`Mi22/
iQ i2`KBMi2 (Rd)- M/ bQ +QMbiBimi2b 7mHH /2+BbBQM T`Q+2/m`2 7Q` `2+?#BHBivX
h?2 AGS bm#T`Q#H2K Uθ 1 V Bb bQHp2/ rBi? i?2 a"o UaJh "b2/ o2`B}+iBQMV
T+F;2- M BMi2`7+2 iQ p`B2iv Q7 aJh bQHp2`bX q2 7Q`KmHi2 HH i?2 +QM@
bi`BMib b M BMi2;2` HBM2` T`Q;`K- M/ 2pHmi2 rBi? i?2 H/M 7mM+iBQM UGBM2`
.BQT?MiBM2 2[miBQMb Qp2` Lim`HbVX
h?2 +Qp2`#BHBiv bm#T`Q#H2K Uθ 2 V Bb bQHp2/ #v M BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7 i?2 biM@
/`/ E`T@JBHH2` H;Q`Bi?K 7Q` o2+iQ` //BiBQM avbi2Kb (Re)X h?Bb H;Q`Bi?K
+QKTmi2b i?2 +Qp2`#BHBiv b2iěi?2 mTr`/ +HQbm`2 Q7 i?2 b2i Q7 HH p2+iQ`b i?i
`2 `2+?#H2 BM M2i 7`QK bQK2 bi`iBM; p2+iQ`X h?2 2ti2MbB#H2 Mim`2 Q7 i?2
+Q/2 HHQrb i?2 #bB+ BKTH2K2MiiBQM iQ #2 brTT2/ Qmi 7Q` KQ`2 QTiBKBb2/
QM2 U2X;X #b2/ QM (Ry)V i Hi2` bi;2X
q2 2Mbm`2 i?i i?2 bi`QM;Hv +QMM2+i2/ T`QT2`iv ?QH/b #v /2+QKTQbBM; i?2
Q`B;BMH :oaa pB i?2 a** BKTH2K2MiiBQM 7QmM/ BM i?2 .iX:`T? KQ/mH2X
PTiBKBbiBQMb AM bTBi2 Q7 i?2 QKBMQmb MQM@2H2K2Mi`v +QKTH2tBiv HQr2` #QmM/bQK2 2zQ`i rb biBHH mM/2`iF2M iQ BKT`Qp2 i?2 `mMiBK2 Q7 i2bi +b2bX MmK@
#2` Q7 KBMQ` BKT`Qp2K2Mib ?p2 #22M K/2 Qp2` i?2 biM/`/ H;Q`Bi?K r?B+?
`2KQp2 mMM2++2bb`v +QKTmiiBQMbX
X .BtQM M/ _X GxBÉ
θ 2 , 1+? MQM@i`BpBH +QKTQM2Mi Q7 i?2 :oaa +QMiBMb bQK2 Ti? 7`QK i?2
BMBiBH iQ i?2 }MH bii2- pB r?B+? HH mM+QMbi`BM2/ +QQ`/BMi2b `2 BM+`2b2/X
h?2 bK2 Kmbi HbQ ?QH/ B7 i?2 +QKTQM2MiǶb `+b `2 `2p2`b2/X q2 +M 2pHmi2
θ 2 mbBM; biM/`/ H;Q`Bi?Kb r?B+? +QKTmi2 i?2 +Qp2`#BHBiv b2iX A7 θ 2 7BHb- i?2M
bQK2 +QQ`/BMi2 Bb #QmM/2/ 2p2`vr?2`2 BM i?2 bii2 bT+2 Q7 i?2 +QKTQM2Mic bm+?
+QQ`/BMi2 Bb `2}M2/ #v `2KQpBM; Bi 2MiB`2Hv UKFBM; Bi `B;B/V M/ 2M+Q/BM; Bib
TQbbB#H2 pHm2b BMiQ i?2 +QKTQM2MiǶb bii2bX
aQHpBM; *Qp2`#BHBiv q2 `2 #H2 iQ `2/m+2 7`QK i?2 +Qp2`#BHBiv T`Q#H2K iQ
i?2 `2+?#BHBiv T`Q#H2K BM i?2 7QHHQrBM; rvX amTTQb2 r2 `2 BMi2M/BM; iQ +Qp2`
bQK2 p2+iQ` měi?i Bb- r2 rBb? iQ `2+? Mv p2+iQ` m
bm+? i?i m
≥ mX
q2 BMi`Q/m+2 M2r bii2 Δ- M/ // i`MbBiBQM δ 7`QK i?2 }MH bii2 Q7
i?2 Q`B;BMH oaa iQ Δ- r?B+? bm#i`+ib m QM +iBpiBQMX b Δ +M QMHv #2
`2+?2/ #v bm#i`+iBM; m 7`QK Qm` +m``2Mi p2+iQ`- `2+?BM; p2+iQ` m
≥ m
UBX2X +Qp2`BM; mV Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ `2+?BM; bii2 ΔX 6Q` 2+? p2+iQ` +QQ`/BMi2 r2
BMi`Q/m+2 HQQTBM; i`MbBiBQM QM Δ r?B+? `2/m+2b i?2 pHm2 Q7 i?i +QQ`/BMi2
#v 1X h?Bb 2Mbm`2b i?i (0, ..., 0) +M #2 `2+?2/ 7`QK Mv +QM};m`iBQM BM bii2 ΔX
b `2bmHi- +Qp2`BM; m BM i?2 Q`B;BMH M2i Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ `2+?BM; (Δ, (0, ..., 0))
BM i?2 m;K2Mi2/ p2`bBQMX
AKTH2K2MiiBQM E_2+? Bb BKTH2K2Mi2/ BM i?2 >bF2HH T`Q;`KKBM; HM@
;m;2X h?Bb Bb bi`QM;Hv@ivT2/- 7mM+iBQMH HM;m;2 rBi? Hxv 2pHmiBQMX h?2
HM;m;2 rb +?Qb2M 7Q` Bib ?B;? H2p2H Q7 2tT`2bbBp2M2bb- ivT2@b72iv- M/ i?2 2b2
Q7 i`MbHiBQM #2ir22M H;Q`Bi?K M/ BKTH2K2MiiBQMX
q2 `2T`2b2Mi i?2 H;Q`Bi?K b 7mM+iBQM r?B+? iF2b HBbi Q7 :oaab- M/
`2im`Mb EQb`Dm_2bmHiX q2 T2`7Q`K /2Ti?@}`bi b2`+? Q7 i?2 `2}M2K2Mi i`222Bi?2` }M/BM; `2}M2K2Mi r?B+? T2`KBib `2+?#BHBiv UEQb`Dm>QH/bV Q` 2t@
?mbiBM; HH TQbbB#BHBiB2b UEQb`Dm.Q2bLQi>QH/VX h?2 H;Q`Bi?K Bb ;m`Mi22/
iQ i2`KBMi2 (Rd)- M/ bQ +QMbiBimi2b 7mHH /2+BbBQM T`Q+2/m`2 7Q` `2+?#BHBivX
h?2 AGS bm#T`Q#H2K Uθ 1 V Bb bQHp2/ rBi? i?2 a"o UaJh "b2/ o2`B}+iBQMV
T+F;2- M BMi2`7+2 iQ p`B2iv Q7 aJh bQHp2`bX q2 7Q`KmHi2 HH i?2 +QM@
bi`BMib b M BMi2;2` HBM2` T`Q;`K- M/ 2pHmi2 rBi? i?2 H/M 7mM+iBQM UGBM2`
.BQT?MiBM2 2[miBQMb Qp2` Lim`HbVX
h?2 +Qp2`#BHBiv bm#T`Q#H2K Uθ 2 V Bb bQHp2/ #v M BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7 i?2 biM@
/`/ E`T@JBHH2` H;Q`Bi?K 7Q` o2+iQ` //BiBQM avbi2Kb (Re)X h?Bb H;Q`Bi?K
+QKTmi2b i?2 +Qp2`#BHBiv b2iěi?2 mTr`/ +HQbm`2 Q7 i?2 b2i Q7 HH p2+iQ`b i?i
`2 `2+?#H2 BM M2i 7`QK bQK2 bi`iBM; p2+iQ`X h?2 2ti2MbB#H2 Mim`2 Q7 i?2
+Q/2 HHQrb i?2 #bB+ BKTH2K2MiiBQM iQ #2 brTT2/ Qmi 7Q` KQ`2 QTiBKBb2/
QM2 U2X;X #b2/ QM (Ry)V i Hi2` bi;2X
q2 2Mbm`2 i?i i?2 bi`QM;Hv +QMM2+i2/ T`QT2`iv ?QH/b #v /2+QKTQbBM; i?2
Q`B;BMH :oaa pB i?2 a** BKTH2K2MiiBQM 7QmM/ BM i?2 .iX:`T? KQ/mH2X
PTiBKBbiBQMb AM bTBi2 Q7 i?2 QKBMQmb MQM@2H2K2Mi`v +QKTH2tBiv HQr2` #QmM/bQK2 2zQ`i rb biBHH mM/2`iF2M iQ BKT`Qp2 i?2 `mMiBK2 Q7 i2bi +b2bX MmK@
#2` Q7 KBMQ` BKT`Qp2K2Mib ?p2 #22M K/2 Qp2` i?2 biM/`/ H;Q`Bi?K r?B+?
`2KQp2 mMM2++2bb`v +QKTmiiBQMbX