viii
Chapter 11: Designing Data Structures for Persistent Memory�� 187
Contiguous Data Structures and Fragmentation �� 187
Internal and External Fragmentation �� 188
Atomicity and Consistency �� 189
Selective Persistence �� 193
Example Data Structures �� 193
Summary�� 206
Chapter 12: Debugging Persistent Memory Applications �� 207
pmemcheck for Valgrind �� 208
Stack Overflow Example �� 208
Memory Leak Example �� 209
Intel Inspector – Persistence Inspector �� 210
Stack Overflow Example �� 211
Memory Leak Example �� 212
Common Persistent Memory Programming Problems �� 214
Nonpersistent Stores �� 214
Stores Not Added into a Transaction �� 228
Memory Added to Two Different Transactions �� 233
Memory Overwrites �� 240
Unnecessary Flushes�� 242
Out-of-Order Writes �� 247
Summary�� 259
Chapter 13: Enabling Persistence Using a Real-World Application �� 261
The Database Example �� 262
Different Persistent Memory Enablement Approaches �� 262
Developing a Persistent Memory-Aware MariaDB* Storage Engine �� 263
Understanding the Storage Layer �� 264
Creating a Storage Engine Class �� 265
Summary�� 276
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