scale: coarsening, 409; definitions and
uses of the term, 392; spatial and
temporal, 146–47, 408–412,
423
scent marking, 70–71
scientific method in ecology, 1–2
scrub jay, 71
sensitivity analysis, 6, 277–78, 421–22
sequential data analysis, 371–73
significance: ecological, 9; statistical, 9
snail kite, 292
snowshoe hare, 120, 141, 176; hare-lynx
oscillation, 200, 202
social dynamics: conservation
implications, 335–36; documenting
importance, 335; evolution of, 335;
factors influencing, 332–33;
measuring, 362–69
social dynamics description: action,
337–38; interaction, 337–38;
relationship, 338; social network,
338–39; social structure, 339–40
social living, costs/benefits of, 355–56
sociometric matrix, 371–73
space use: intensity of, 75, 84; patterns of,
91; random/clumped, 91; site fidelity,
67, 84
spatial group, 354–56
spatial variation, 291, 300, 304
species distribution: species-environment
relationship, 390–91, 396; causeeffect relationships in, 404–405;
ecological requirements of a species,
396; fitness-habitat selection
relationships, 140–43; invariance of
species-environment relationship,
405, 422–23
spotted hyena, 353
spruce budworm, 194, 205
stable limit cycles, 262–64, 268
statistical: estimation and inference, 10;
lack of independence, 122; rationality,
370–71; tests, value of, 9
steroid concentrations in fecal samples,
183
stochastic: events, 407, 408, 409;
variation, 293–95
stone marten, 98, 100
survival, 142, 145, 152; data analysis,
196–99; group, 355
Takens’ theorem, 256
telemetry errors, 120–21
teleology, in social behavior studies,
345–46
temporal variation, 291, 297–300, 304,
306, 307
territoriality: family, 71, 98; individual,
72–73, 98; intrasexual, 70, 94, 100;
limiting conditions, 72; modeling,
72; predictability, 73; testing for,
98–100
territory: costs, 72; defined, 70; food
availability, 71, 73, 82; size, 71–72
theories, defined, 2
time lags, 199–201, 256–57
time series: analysis, 199–203; of density,
193–96
Tonkean macaque, 349
transmitter: attachment method, 19, 30;
size effect, 23, 26, 30, 39
trophic-level interactions, 256–57
turkey, 116, 123, 133
turnover rate, 144
type-token relationship, 344
uncert, 376
utility distribution, 75–77, 80–81,
85–87, 89
value judgments, 7–8, 10
variance components of population
I N D E X
441
uses of the term, 392; spatial and
temporal, 146–47, 408–412,
423
scent marking, 70–71
scientific method in ecology, 1–2
scrub jay, 71
sensitivity analysis, 6, 277–78, 421–22
sequential data analysis, 371–73
significance: ecological, 9; statistical, 9
snail kite, 292
snowshoe hare, 120, 141, 176; hare-lynx
oscillation, 200, 202
social dynamics: conservation
implications, 335–36; documenting
importance, 335; evolution of, 335;
factors influencing, 332–33;
measuring, 362–69
social dynamics description: action,
337–38; interaction, 337–38;
relationship, 338; social network,
338–39; social structure, 339–40
social living, costs/benefits of, 355–56
sociometric matrix, 371–73
space use: intensity of, 75, 84; patterns of,
91; random/clumped, 91; site fidelity,
67, 84
spatial group, 354–56
spatial variation, 291, 300, 304
species distribution: species-environment
relationship, 390–91, 396; causeeffect relationships in, 404–405;
ecological requirements of a species,
396; fitness-habitat selection
relationships, 140–43; invariance of
species-environment relationship,
405, 422–23
spotted hyena, 353
spruce budworm, 194, 205
stable limit cycles, 262–64, 268
statistical: estimation and inference, 10;
lack of independence, 122; rationality,
370–71; tests, value of, 9
steroid concentrations in fecal samples,
183
stochastic: events, 407, 408, 409;
variation, 293–95
stone marten, 98, 100
survival, 142, 145, 152; data analysis,
196–99; group, 355
Takens’ theorem, 256
telemetry errors, 120–21
teleology, in social behavior studies,
345–46
temporal variation, 291, 297–300, 304,
306, 307
territoriality: family, 71, 98; individual,
72–73, 98; intrasexual, 70, 94, 100;
limiting conditions, 72; modeling,
72; predictability, 73; testing for,
98–100
territory: costs, 72; defined, 70; food
availability, 71, 73, 82; size, 71–72
theories, defined, 2
time lags, 199–201, 256–57
time series: analysis, 199–203; of density,
193–96
Tonkean macaque, 349
transmitter: attachment method, 19, 30;
size effect, 23, 26, 30, 39
trophic-level interactions, 256–57
turkey, 116, 123, 133
turnover rate, 144
type-token relationship, 344
uncert, 376
utility distribution, 75–77, 80–81,
85–87, 89
value judgments, 7–8, 10
variance components of population
I N D E X
441