Small-bodied birds
10 10 10 20
30 20
30
30
50
80 110
130
180
240
490
Beetles
10 10 10 20
30 20
30
30
50
90 110
150
180
250 >500
Small mammals
10 10 10 20
30 30
30
40
60
90 120
150
210
300 >500
Spiders
10 10 20 20
30 30
30
40
60 120 120
170
210
320 >500
Medium-sized mammals
10 10 20 20
40 30
40
40
70 120 130
160
230
330 >500
Fishes, nonsalmonids
10 20 20 20
40 40
40
50
70 130 150
190
290
390 >500
Pond-breeding salamanders
20 20 20 30
60 40
50
60 120 190 240
320
400 >500 >500
Moths
20 20 20 30
60 40
60
80 120 210 280
320
440 >500 >500
Frogs and toads
20 20 20 30
70 50
60
80 120 230 280
360
460 >500 >500
Bats
20 20 30 40
70 50
70
80 120 230 280
360
480 >500 >500
Butterflies
20 20 30 50
90 70
90 120 170 350 400
500 >500 >500 >500
Flies, drosophilids
30 40 50 70 120 90 130 160 260 440 500 >500 >500 >500 >500
Values are the number of plots or subpopulations that must be monitored to detect the change at p = 0.05 with a likelihood (power) of >0.95, given 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 annual
counts or surveys per year of each plot or subpopulation. All estimates were made with the simulation program described in table 7.1 (with 250 replications) in conjunction
with estimates of population index variation described in table 7.2.