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Assessing and Managing the Ecological Impacts of Paved Roads
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xxiv
Contents
4
AMELIORATING THE EFFECTS OF ROADS................................... 98
Introduction, 98
Scale-Based Considerations of Environmental Mitigation, 99
Opportunities for Environmental Stewardship, 113
Summary, 116
5
LEGAL CONTEXT FOR PLANNING AND POLICY ........................ 117
Introduction, 117
Transportation Processes: How Transportation Is Planned and
Projects Are Developed, 118
Federally Structured Regional and Local Planning, 119
Major Federal Environmental Laws, 130
Other Types of Laws, 149
Discussion of Laws and Ecological Concerns, 151
Issues, 163
Summary, 168
6
PLANNING AND ASSESSMENT ..................................................... 170
Introduction, 170
State of Road Planning and Assessment Processes, 170
Types of Environmental Planning Activities, 175
Transportation Ecological Assessments, 180
Tools and Methods for Assessment, 181
Potential Solutions and Improvements for Assessment and
Planning, 192
Summary, 202
7
INTEGRATING OBSTACLES AND OPPORTUNITIES..................... 204
Introduction, 204
Issues of Integration Across Scales, 204
Integrating Ecological Concerns and Social Objectives, 207
Toward Integrative Solutions, 209
Summary, 219
8
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................. 220
REFERENCES........................................................................................ 226