Reichardt and Rogge 2015). Specifically, here we consider policy instruments that
diffuse goal-oriented influence (also known as an intervention) of one or more
actors that in turn produce effects over entire populations or very large target groups
(Kaufmann-Hayoz et al. 2001), primarily in the public sector, over time. In the
process of this influence, the behaviour of the target population is transformed in a
structured way.
Generally, the following policy instruments types can be distinguished
(Kaufmann-Hayoz et al. 2001):
• Regulatory (Command and control) instruments (e.g. water licenses)
• Economic instruments (e.g. water abstraction charges, compensation for crop
losses)
• Infrastructure (Service) instruments (e.g. co-financing of water-saving infrastructure by the means of Rural Development Policy (DG AGRI), Structural and
Cohesion Funds (DG REGIO), LIFE + Funds (DG ENV))
• Collaborative instruments (e.g. CGIAR Fund, ACP-EU Water Facility)
• Information (Communication) instruments, e.g. the European Drought
Observatory
Policy instruments are not to be confused with policy measures, though they are
sometimes used interchangeably. Policy measures indicate the concrete realization
of a policy instrument and represent the tangible means for achieving objectives
determined in the formulation of the policy instrument. To this end, policy measures serve to validate the policy instrument.
Policy strategies, on the other hand, denote the strategic orientation and management of policy instruments and their policy measures within a policy mix, in
order to achieve the vision put forth by policy objective. It refers to both the ends
and the means, and thus the policy objectives and principal plans of a policy
strategy are closely interlinked through the proposed policy strategy
(Kaufmann-Hayoz et al. 2001).
Finally, a policy mix, for the purposes of this chapter, is defined as the complex
arrangement of policy instruments, measures and strategies that interact via
dynamic processes to influence and achieve a specific broader objective. According
to Reichardt and Rogge (2015) a policy mix is shaped by three defining building
blocks: (1) inherent to policy mixes are the consideration of their complexity and
dynamism; (2) within policy mixes, there is a need for identification and integration
of relevant policy processes; (3) the incorporation of a strategic component. Central
to the policy mix concept is the element of policy interactions, or the interplay
among actors, instruments, measures and strategies, which operate in a multi-level
and multi-actor context (Flanagan et al. 2011). This framework serves as a starting
point for building up more sophisticated conceptualizations of the policy mix in the
drought context, as explored in the following sections.
24
U. Stein et al.
diffuse goal-oriented influence (also known as an intervention) of one or more
actors that in turn produce effects over entire populations or very large target groups
(Kaufmann-Hayoz et al. 2001), primarily in the public sector, over time. In the
process of this influence, the behaviour of the target population is transformed in a
structured way.
Generally, the following policy instruments types can be distinguished
(Kaufmann-Hayoz et al. 2001):
• Regulatory (Command and control) instruments (e.g. water licenses)
• Economic instruments (e.g. water abstraction charges, compensation for crop
losses)
• Infrastructure (Service) instruments (e.g. co-financing of water-saving infrastructure by the means of Rural Development Policy (DG AGRI), Structural and
Cohesion Funds (DG REGIO), LIFE + Funds (DG ENV))
• Collaborative instruments (e.g. CGIAR Fund, ACP-EU Water Facility)
• Information (Communication) instruments, e.g. the European Drought
Observatory
Policy instruments are not to be confused with policy measures, though they are
sometimes used interchangeably. Policy measures indicate the concrete realization
of a policy instrument and represent the tangible means for achieving objectives
determined in the formulation of the policy instrument. To this end, policy measures serve to validate the policy instrument.
Policy strategies, on the other hand, denote the strategic orientation and management of policy instruments and their policy measures within a policy mix, in
order to achieve the vision put forth by policy objective. It refers to both the ends
and the means, and thus the policy objectives and principal plans of a policy
strategy are closely interlinked through the proposed policy strategy
(Kaufmann-Hayoz et al. 2001).
Finally, a policy mix, for the purposes of this chapter, is defined as the complex
arrangement of policy instruments, measures and strategies that interact via
dynamic processes to influence and achieve a specific broader objective. According
to Reichardt and Rogge (2015) a policy mix is shaped by three defining building
blocks: (1) inherent to policy mixes are the consideration of their complexity and
dynamism; (2) within policy mixes, there is a need for identification and integration
of relevant policy processes; (3) the incorporation of a strategic component. Central
to the policy mix concept is the element of policy interactions, or the interplay
among actors, instruments, measures and strategies, which operate in a multi-level
and multi-actor context (Flanagan et al. 2011). This framework serves as a starting
point for building up more sophisticated conceptualizations of the policy mix in the
drought context, as explored in the following sections.
24
U. Stein et al.