52
Table 4.2
(continued)
Project
Type
Brief description
Costs
[billion
USD]
Timeline
(Environmental)
Impacts
References
Grand Melen
Project
Transfer
water transfer from Grand
Melen Stream to Istanbul
through a 180 km long
transmission line; annually
268 × 10
6
m
3
at Stage I,
1.18 × 10
9
m
3
total at Stage IV
2.15
Stage I fi nalised
in 2011
One town and 16
villages are expected
to be covered by
water with the
project
WWF Germany ( 2008 )
Turkey
Lesotho
Highlands
Water Project
Transfer
fi ve dams and about 200 km of
tunnels; transfer of water from
Orange/Senqu River (Lesotho)
to Vaal River (South
Africa) ~ 2,000 × 10
6
m
3
per year
8
1986–2020
displacement of 17
villages, loss of
agricultural land for
71 villages, and
degradation of water
quality; began
without an
environmental
impact assessment
for the overall
project
WWF Global Freshwater
Programme ( 2007 )
Lesotho/South
Africa
The Bay Delta
Conservation
Plan
Transfer/
restoration
two tunnels, each 40 ft high and
35 miles long, under the
Sacramento-San Joaquin River
Delta
25
Construction
start in 2017
could decrease fresh
water fl ows to San
Francisco Bay, could
harm endangered
fi sh in a different
part of the estuary,
will permanently
transform the Delta
California Department
of Water Resources ( 2014 )
and Safe the Bay (2014)
USA
K. Tockner et al.
Table 4.2
(continued)
Project
Type
Brief description
Costs
[billion
USD]
Timeline
(Environmental)
Impacts
References
Grand Melen
Project
Transfer
water transfer from Grand
Melen Stream to Istanbul
through a 180 km long
transmission line; annually
268 × 10
6
m
3
at Stage I,
1.18 × 10
9
m
3
total at Stage IV
2.15
Stage I fi nalised
in 2011
One town and 16
villages are expected
to be covered by
water with the
project
WWF Germany ( 2008 )
Turkey
Lesotho
Highlands
Water Project
Transfer
fi ve dams and about 200 km of
tunnels; transfer of water from
Orange/Senqu River (Lesotho)
to Vaal River (South
Africa) ~ 2,000 × 10
6
m
3
per year
8
1986–2020
displacement of 17
villages, loss of
agricultural land for
71 villages, and
degradation of water
quality; began
without an
environmental
impact assessment
for the overall
project
WWF Global Freshwater
Programme ( 2007 )
Lesotho/South
Africa
The Bay Delta
Conservation
Plan
Transfer/
restoration
two tunnels, each 40 ft high and
35 miles long, under the
Sacramento-San Joaquin River
Delta
25
Construction
start in 2017
could decrease fresh
water fl ows to San
Francisco Bay, could
harm endangered
fi sh in a different
part of the estuary,
will permanently
transform the Delta
California Department
of Water Resources ( 2014 )
and Safe the Bay (2014)
USA
K. Tockner et al.