224
and environmental restoration. We predict that 300–400 × 10
6 m
3 /year of the
recycled water could be allocated for the purpose of partially restoring the lower
Jordan River and the Dead Sea. Estimates of the benefi t associated with the partial restoration of the lower Jordan River suggest that the associated benefi t is
suffi cient to cover the costs of the recycled water (conveyance cost plus compensation to irrigators). The residual costs of the recycled water to the Dead Sea
reclamation are therefore negligible. Stabilising the Dead Sea, however, requires
additional fl ow of 300 × 10
6 m
3 /year to 400 × 10
6 m
3 /year. This additional fl ow can
come from a mini Red Sea–Dead Sea Project that will desalinate 300 × 10
6 m
3 /
year at Aqaba (100 × 10
6 m
3 /year) and near the Dead Sea (200 × 10
6 m
3 /year),
while conveying and discharging the brine (367 × 10
6 m
3 /year) into the Dead Sea
(the purpose of the desalination is to alleviate Jordan’s severe water shortage
problem). Since the cost of the mini Red Sea–Dead Sea Project is about a third of
its large (full)-scale counterpart, the surcharge on all diversions (which remain
unchanged) needed to fi nance this project will be USD 0.03/m
3 – about a third of
the surcharge of the large-scale project.
References
Allan JA, Malkawi AIH, Tsur Y (2014) Red Sea – Dead Sea water conveyance study program.
Study of alternatives. Final report. Executive summary and main report. World Bank
Publications, Washington, DC
Becker N, Katz DL (2009) An economic assessment of Dead Sea preservation and restoration. In:
Lipchin C, Sandler D, Cushman E (eds) The Jordan River and Dead Sea: cooperation and amid
confl ict. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 275–296
Becker N, Helgeson J, Katz DL (2014) Once there was a river: a benefi t-cost analysis of rehabilitation of the Jordan River. Reg Environ Chang 14:1303–1314. doi: 10.1007/s10113-013-0578-4
Beyth M (2006) Water crisis in Israel. In: Leybourne M, Gaynor A (eds) Water: histories, cultures,
ecologies. University of Western Australia Publishing, Crawley, pp 171–181
Beyth M (2007) The Red Sea and the Mediterranean – Dead Sea canal project. Desalination
214:365–371. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2007.06.002
Cohen A, Feiman D, Ladal M (2008) Sewage collection and treatment for irrigation: national
survey 2006/2007. http://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/ProfessionalInfoAndData/Water-Quality/
DocLib1/NationalSurvey2006-2007.pdf . Accessed 14 Jan 2015
Coyne et Bellier (2014) Red Sea – Dead Sea water conveyance study program, feasibility study.
Final feasibility study report. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTREDSEADEADSEA/
Resources/5174616-1416839444345/RSDS-Summary_of_Final_FS_Report.pdf . Accessed 14
Jan 2015
Falkenmark M, Lundquist J, Widstrand C (1989) Macro-scale water scarcity requires micro-scale
approaches: aspects of vulnerability in semi-arid development. Nat Res Forum 13:258–267.
doi: 10.1111/j.1477-8947.1989.tb00348.x
Gafny S, Talozi S, Al Sheikh B et al (2010) Towards a living Jordan River: an environmental fl ows
report on the rehabilitation of the Lower Jordan River. https://www.globalnature.org/bausteine.
net/fi le/showfi le.aspx?downdaid=7273&domid=1011&fd=0 . Accessed 14 Jan 2015
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
A.I.H. Malkawi and Y. Tsur
and environmental restoration. We predict that 300–400 × 10
6 m
3 /year of the
recycled water could be allocated for the purpose of partially restoring the lower
Jordan River and the Dead Sea. Estimates of the benefi t associated with the partial restoration of the lower Jordan River suggest that the associated benefi t is
suffi cient to cover the costs of the recycled water (conveyance cost plus compensation to irrigators). The residual costs of the recycled water to the Dead Sea
reclamation are therefore negligible. Stabilising the Dead Sea, however, requires
additional fl ow of 300 × 10
6 m
3 /year to 400 × 10
6 m
3 /year. This additional fl ow can
come from a mini Red Sea–Dead Sea Project that will desalinate 300 × 10
6 m
3 /
year at Aqaba (100 × 10
6 m
3 /year) and near the Dead Sea (200 × 10
6 m
3 /year),
while conveying and discharging the brine (367 × 10
6 m
3 /year) into the Dead Sea
(the purpose of the desalination is to alleviate Jordan’s severe water shortage
problem). Since the cost of the mini Red Sea–Dead Sea Project is about a third of
its large (full)-scale counterpart, the surcharge on all diversions (which remain
unchanged) needed to fi nance this project will be USD 0.03/m
3 – about a third of
the surcharge of the large-scale project.
References
Allan JA, Malkawi AIH, Tsur Y (2014) Red Sea – Dead Sea water conveyance study program.
Study of alternatives. Final report. Executive summary and main report. World Bank
Publications, Washington, DC
Becker N, Katz DL (2009) An economic assessment of Dead Sea preservation and restoration. In:
Lipchin C, Sandler D, Cushman E (eds) The Jordan River and Dead Sea: cooperation and amid
confl ict. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 275–296
Becker N, Helgeson J, Katz DL (2014) Once there was a river: a benefi t-cost analysis of rehabilitation of the Jordan River. Reg Environ Chang 14:1303–1314. doi: 10.1007/s10113-013-0578-4
Beyth M (2006) Water crisis in Israel. In: Leybourne M, Gaynor A (eds) Water: histories, cultures,
ecologies. University of Western Australia Publishing, Crawley, pp 171–181
Beyth M (2007) The Red Sea and the Mediterranean – Dead Sea canal project. Desalination
214:365–371. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2007.06.002
Cohen A, Feiman D, Ladal M (2008) Sewage collection and treatment for irrigation: national
survey 2006/2007. http://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/ProfessionalInfoAndData/Water-Quality/
DocLib1/NationalSurvey2006-2007.pdf . Accessed 14 Jan 2015
Coyne et Bellier (2014) Red Sea – Dead Sea water conveyance study program, feasibility study.
Final feasibility study report. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTREDSEADEADSEA/
Resources/5174616-1416839444345/RSDS-Summary_of_Final_FS_Report.pdf . Accessed 14
Jan 2015
Falkenmark M, Lundquist J, Widstrand C (1989) Macro-scale water scarcity requires micro-scale
approaches: aspects of vulnerability in semi-arid development. Nat Res Forum 13:258–267.
doi: 10.1111/j.1477-8947.1989.tb00348.x
Gafny S, Talozi S, Al Sheikh B et al (2010) Towards a living Jordan River: an environmental fl ows
report on the rehabilitation of the Lower Jordan River. https://www.globalnature.org/bausteine.
net/fi le/showfi le.aspx?downdaid=7273&domid=1011&fd=0 . Accessed 14 Jan 2015
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
A.I.H. Malkawi and Y. Tsur