137
• Land degradation and control measures are weakly monitored.
• Consequently, issues of practical support for farmers and end water users in
improving land and water productivity have not been solved.
• There is no general programme on water saving taking into account climate
change.
• Water accounting and hydrometrics at all water hierarchy levels from transboundary rivers to the ultimate water user should become a strategic objective.
• There are no informational systems and software packages to solve operational
water distribution tasks at both canal level and WUA level.
• The majority of the irrigation and drainage infrastructures are outdated and
require frequent maintenance and repairs and, consequently, huge investment.
10.3.1 Hydrological Characteristics
The natural annual runoff of the Syrdarya River averages 37.9 × 10
9 m
3 and ranges
from 18.3 to 72.5 × 10
9 m
3 (CAWATERinfo 2012 ). Surface water resources of the
Naryn and Karadarya tributaries, which are generated in the Kyrgyz region, are
estimated to amount to 13.7 and 7.1 × 10
9 m
3 /year accordingly (UNECE 2011 ).
These rivers are strongly regulated by major reservoirs and dams (Kayrakkum,
Chardara and Koksarai along the Syrdarya River; Naryn, Krupsai and Uch-Kurgan
in the Naryn River and Andijan, Teshiktash, Kujganyar and Bazar-Kurgansky in the
Karadarya River).
In addition, a number of small tributaries feed its runoff. The contribution of the
transboundary small rivers (TSR) within the valley to the Syrdarya River ranges
from 2.9 to 4.1 × 10
9 m
3 /year (Dukhovny et al. 2012 ). However, due to intensive
irrigation, most of the rivers, especially on the left bank, do not reach the Syrdarya
River anymore. Moreover, the natural hydrological regime of the Syrdarya River
within the valley is disturbed by numerous irrigation withdrawals, water storage and
return waters into the river (SIC ICWC 2004 ).
10.3.2 Irrigation Network
Before the Soviet government in CA, a set of ring irrigation systems existed in
the FV, mainly on removal cones of Sokh, Isfara, Isfairam-Shakhimardan,
Andijan, downstream part of the Naryn, Akbura and Aravan, while the lands
located in the desert and desert-steppe part of the Central Fergana were undeveloped (Khamraev et al. 2011 ).
During the Soviet administration period, the construction of large dams and
water reservoirs in the mountainous areas of upstream countries (Tajikistan and
Kyrgyzstan) was initiated for irrigation purposes as a fi rst priority and for hydropower generation as a second priority. In contrary, the lands in downstream coun10 Irrigation Infrastructure in Fergana Today: Ecological Implications – Economic…
• Land degradation and control measures are weakly monitored.
• Consequently, issues of practical support for farmers and end water users in
improving land and water productivity have not been solved.
• There is no general programme on water saving taking into account climate
change.
• Water accounting and hydrometrics at all water hierarchy levels from transboundary rivers to the ultimate water user should become a strategic objective.
• There are no informational systems and software packages to solve operational
water distribution tasks at both canal level and WUA level.
• The majority of the irrigation and drainage infrastructures are outdated and
require frequent maintenance and repairs and, consequently, huge investment.
10.3.1 Hydrological Characteristics
The natural annual runoff of the Syrdarya River averages 37.9 × 10
9 m
3 and ranges
from 18.3 to 72.5 × 10
9 m
3 (CAWATERinfo 2012 ). Surface water resources of the
Naryn and Karadarya tributaries, which are generated in the Kyrgyz region, are
estimated to amount to 13.7 and 7.1 × 10
9 m
3 /year accordingly (UNECE 2011 ).
These rivers are strongly regulated by major reservoirs and dams (Kayrakkum,
Chardara and Koksarai along the Syrdarya River; Naryn, Krupsai and Uch-Kurgan
in the Naryn River and Andijan, Teshiktash, Kujganyar and Bazar-Kurgansky in the
Karadarya River).
In addition, a number of small tributaries feed its runoff. The contribution of the
transboundary small rivers (TSR) within the valley to the Syrdarya River ranges
from 2.9 to 4.1 × 10
9 m
3 /year (Dukhovny et al. 2012 ). However, due to intensive
irrigation, most of the rivers, especially on the left bank, do not reach the Syrdarya
River anymore. Moreover, the natural hydrological regime of the Syrdarya River
within the valley is disturbed by numerous irrigation withdrawals, water storage and
return waters into the river (SIC ICWC 2004 ).
10.3.2 Irrigation Network
Before the Soviet government in CA, a set of ring irrigation systems existed in
the FV, mainly on removal cones of Sokh, Isfara, Isfairam-Shakhimardan,
Andijan, downstream part of the Naryn, Akbura and Aravan, while the lands
located in the desert and desert-steppe part of the Central Fergana were undeveloped (Khamraev et al. 2011 ).
During the Soviet administration period, the construction of large dams and
water reservoirs in the mountainous areas of upstream countries (Tajikistan and
Kyrgyzstan) was initiated for irrigation purposes as a fi rst priority and for hydropower generation as a second priority. In contrary, the lands in downstream coun10 Irrigation Infrastructure in Fergana Today: Ecological Implications – Economic…