Table 5.1 Poverty and access to credit, land and irrigation in Yen Chau district, northern Vietnam, 2007
Absolute poverty
Relative poverty terciles
Poor
Non-Poor
Diff.
c
Poorest tercile Middle tercile
Wealthiest tercile Diff.
d
(N
¼ 50)
(N
¼ 250)
(N
¼ 100)
(N
¼ 100)
(N
¼ 100)
Credit Limit
a
Formal sources
6,363 (6,087)
21,843 (25,939)
***
7,699 (7,343)
18,224 (19,344)
31,866 (32,966)
***
Semi-formal sources
976 (2,520)
3,545 (13,188)
***
1,270 (1,923)
2,328 (3,506)
5,752 (20,403)
***
Informal sources
9,734 (7,944)
24,734 (33,598)
***
11,991 (10,172) 22,196 (24,315)
32,515 (45,362)
***
Access to Land and Irrigation
Area with title (m
2
per capita)
2,453 (2,266)
3,078 (2,532)
*
2,530 (2,663)
2,606 (2,102)
3,784 (2,513)
***
Paddy area (m
2
per capita)
213 (252)
400 (490)
***
249 (313)
373 (358)
483 (629)
***
Share of paddy land with at least two
harvests per (good) year
0.38 (0.41)
0.71 (0.33)
***
0.54 (0.43)
0.71 (0.32)
0.73 (0.30)
**
Upland area (m
2
per capita)
2,498 (1,527)
3,053 (2,050)
n.s.
2,831 (1,919)
2,710 (1,873)
3,341 (2,106)
*
Access to irrigation
b
2.02 (0.99)
2.48 (1.09)
***
2.21 (1.13)
2.55 (1.01)
2.45 (1.10)
**
Notes: Standard deviation in parentheses
* (**) [***] statistically significant at a 10 % (5 %) [1 %] level of error probability
a
Figures expressed in thousand VND. In 2007, 16,000 VND ~ 1 USD
b
Subjective score given by farmers, on a scale from 1 (low) to 5 (high) in terms of the level of access to irrigation services
c
Mann Whitney
U test
d
Kruskal Wallis test
5 Linkages Between Agriculture, Poverty and Natural Resource Use. . .
183
Absolute poverty
Relative poverty terciles
Poor
Non-Poor
Diff.
c
Poorest tercile Middle tercile
Wealthiest tercile Diff.
d
(N
¼ 50)
(N
¼ 250)
(N
¼ 100)
(N
¼ 100)
(N
¼ 100)
Credit Limit
a
Formal sources
6,363 (6,087)
21,843 (25,939)
***
7,699 (7,343)
18,224 (19,344)
31,866 (32,966)
***
Semi-formal sources
976 (2,520)
3,545 (13,188)
***
1,270 (1,923)
2,328 (3,506)
5,752 (20,403)
***
Informal sources
9,734 (7,944)
24,734 (33,598)
***
11,991 (10,172) 22,196 (24,315)
32,515 (45,362)
***
Access to Land and Irrigation
Area with title (m
2
per capita)
2,453 (2,266)
3,078 (2,532)
*
2,530 (2,663)
2,606 (2,102)
3,784 (2,513)
***
Paddy area (m
2
per capita)
213 (252)
400 (490)
***
249 (313)
373 (358)
483 (629)
***
Share of paddy land with at least two
harvests per (good) year
0.38 (0.41)
0.71 (0.33)
***
0.54 (0.43)
0.71 (0.32)
0.73 (0.30)
**
Upland area (m
2
per capita)
2,498 (1,527)
3,053 (2,050)
n.s.
2,831 (1,919)
2,710 (1,873)
3,341 (2,106)
*
Access to irrigation
b
2.02 (0.99)
2.48 (1.09)
***
2.21 (1.13)
2.55 (1.01)
2.45 (1.10)
**
Notes: Standard deviation in parentheses
* (**) [***] statistically significant at a 10 % (5 %) [1 %] level of error probability
a
Figures expressed in thousand VND. In 2007, 16,000 VND ~ 1 USD
b
Subjective score given by farmers, on a scale from 1 (low) to 5 (high) in terms of the level of access to irrigation services
c
Mann Whitney
U test
d
Kruskal Wallis test
5 Linkages Between Agriculture, Poverty and Natural Resource Use. . .
183