36
1 Introduction
168. Ristow, G.H. 1998. Flow Properties of Granular Materials in Three-Dimensional Geometries.
Marburg: Philipps-Universität.
169. Cundall, P.A., and O.D.L. Strack. 1979. Discussion: A discrete numerical model for granular
assemblies. Geotechnique 29 (1): 47–65.
170. Thornton, C. 1993. On the relationship between the modulus of particulate media and the
surface energy of the constituent particles. Journal of Physics D Applied Physics 26 (10):
1587–1591.
171. Johanson, J.R. 1964. Stress and velocity fields in the gravity flow of bulk solids. Journal of
Applied Mechanics 31 (3).
172. Langston, P.A., U. Tüzün, and D.M. Heyes. 1995. Discrete element simulation of internal
stress and flow fields in funnel flow hoppers. Powder Technology 85 (2): 153–169.
173. Schlichting, H., and K. Gersten. 2003. Boundary-Layer Theory, 8th ed. Berlin: Springer
Science.
174. Morel, T. 1975. Comprehensive design of axisymmetric wind tunnel contractions. Journal of
Fluids Engineering 97 (2): 225–233.
175. Doolan, C.J., and Rick C Morgans. 2007. Numerical evaluation and optimization of low speed
wind tunnel contractions. AIAA Journal.
176. Yaowei, Yu., and Henrik Sax?n. 2011. Discrete element method simulation of properties of a
3D conical hopper with mono-sized spheres. Advanced Powder Technology 22 (3): 324–331.
177. Baoping Gong, Yongjin Feng, Hongbin Liao, Xinghua Wu, Suhao Wang, Xiaoyu Wang, and
Kaiming Feng. 2018. Numerical investigation of the pebble bed structures for hccb tbm.
Fusion Engineering and Design 136: 1444–1451. Special Issue: Proceedings of the 13th
International Symposium on Fusion Nuclear Technology (ISFNT-13).
178. Cundall, P.A., and O.D.L. Strack. 1980. Discussion: A discrete numerical model for granular
assemblies. Géotechnique 30 (3): 331–336.
179. Liu, S.D., Z.Y. Zhou, R.P. Zou, D. Pinson, and A.B. Yu. 2014. Flow characteristics and
discharge rate of ellipsoidal particles in a flat bottom hopper. Powder Technology 253: 70–79.
180. Yeboah, S.K., and J. Darkwa. 2019. Experimental investigations into the adsorption enhancement in packed beds using z-annular flow configuration. International Journal of Thermal
Sciences 136: 121–134.
181. Bedenig, D., W. Rausch, and G. Schmidt. 1968. Parameter studies concerning the flow
behaviour of a pebble with reference to the fuel element movement in the core of the thtr
300 mwe prototype reactor. Nuclear Engineering and Design 7 (4): 367–378.
182. Rycroft, Chris H., Yee Lok Wong, and Martin Z. Bazant. 2010. Fast spot-based multiscale
simulations of granular drainage. Powder Technology 200 (1–2): 1–11.
183. Kamrin, Ken, and Martin Z. Bazant. 2007. Stochastic flow rule for granular materials. Physical
Review E 75: 041301.
184. Kadark., A.C. 2000. Pebble dynamics in pbmr: Experiments and modeling.
185. Liu, Peiyuan, Runyu Yang, and Yu. Aibing. 2013. Dem study of the transverse mixing of wet
particles in rotating drums. Chemical Engineering Science 86 (5): 99–107.
186. Siiriä, Simo, and Jouko Yliruusi. 2009. Determining a value for mixing: Mixing degree.
Powder Technology 196 (3): 309–317.
187. Asmar, B.N., P.A. Langston, and A.J. Matchett. 2002. A generalised mixing index in distinct
element method simulation of vibrated particulate beds. Granular Matter 4 (3): 129–138.
188. Marigo, M., D.L. Cairns, M. Davies, A. Ingram, and E.H. Stitt. 2012. A numerical comparison
of mixing efficiencies of solids in a cylindrical vessel subject to a range of motions. Powder
Technology 217: 540–547.
189. Jiang, M., Y. Zhao, G. Liu, and J. Zheng. 2011. Enhancing mixing of particles by baffles in a
rotating drum mixer. Powder Technology 9 (3): 270–278.
190. Tian, F., M. Zhang, H. Fan, M. Gu, L. Wang, and Y. Qi. 2007. Numerical study on microscopic
mixing characteristics in fluidized beds via dem. Fuel Processing Technology 88: 187–198.
191. Chandratilleke, G.R., A.B. Yu, J. Bridgwater, and K. Shinohara. 2012. A particle-scale index
in the quantification of mixing of particles. Aiche Journal 58 (4): 1099–1118.
1 Introduction
168. Ristow, G.H. 1998. Flow Properties of Granular Materials in Three-Dimensional Geometries.
Marburg: Philipps-Universität.
169. Cundall, P.A., and O.D.L. Strack. 1979. Discussion: A discrete numerical model for granular
assemblies. Geotechnique 29 (1): 47–65.
170. Thornton, C. 1993. On the relationship between the modulus of particulate media and the
surface energy of the constituent particles. Journal of Physics D Applied Physics 26 (10):
1587–1591.
171. Johanson, J.R. 1964. Stress and velocity fields in the gravity flow of bulk solids. Journal of
Applied Mechanics 31 (3).
172. Langston, P.A., U. Tüzün, and D.M. Heyes. 1995. Discrete element simulation of internal
stress and flow fields in funnel flow hoppers. Powder Technology 85 (2): 153–169.
173. Schlichting, H., and K. Gersten. 2003. Boundary-Layer Theory, 8th ed. Berlin: Springer
Science.
174. Morel, T. 1975. Comprehensive design of axisymmetric wind tunnel contractions. Journal of
Fluids Engineering 97 (2): 225–233.
175. Doolan, C.J., and Rick C Morgans. 2007. Numerical evaluation and optimization of low speed
wind tunnel contractions. AIAA Journal.
176. Yaowei, Yu., and Henrik Sax?n. 2011. Discrete element method simulation of properties of a
3D conical hopper with mono-sized spheres. Advanced Powder Technology 22 (3): 324–331.
177. Baoping Gong, Yongjin Feng, Hongbin Liao, Xinghua Wu, Suhao Wang, Xiaoyu Wang, and
Kaiming Feng. 2018. Numerical investigation of the pebble bed structures for hccb tbm.
Fusion Engineering and Design 136: 1444–1451. Special Issue: Proceedings of the 13th
International Symposium on Fusion Nuclear Technology (ISFNT-13).
178. Cundall, P.A., and O.D.L. Strack. 1980. Discussion: A discrete numerical model for granular
assemblies. Géotechnique 30 (3): 331–336.
179. Liu, S.D., Z.Y. Zhou, R.P. Zou, D. Pinson, and A.B. Yu. 2014. Flow characteristics and
discharge rate of ellipsoidal particles in a flat bottom hopper. Powder Technology 253: 70–79.
180. Yeboah, S.K., and J. Darkwa. 2019. Experimental investigations into the adsorption enhancement in packed beds using z-annular flow configuration. International Journal of Thermal
Sciences 136: 121–134.
181. Bedenig, D., W. Rausch, and G. Schmidt. 1968. Parameter studies concerning the flow
behaviour of a pebble with reference to the fuel element movement in the core of the thtr
300 mwe prototype reactor. Nuclear Engineering and Design 7 (4): 367–378.
182. Rycroft, Chris H., Yee Lok Wong, and Martin Z. Bazant. 2010. Fast spot-based multiscale
simulations of granular drainage. Powder Technology 200 (1–2): 1–11.
183. Kamrin, Ken, and Martin Z. Bazant. 2007. Stochastic flow rule for granular materials. Physical
Review E 75: 041301.
184. Kadark., A.C. 2000. Pebble dynamics in pbmr: Experiments and modeling.
185. Liu, Peiyuan, Runyu Yang, and Yu. Aibing. 2013. Dem study of the transverse mixing of wet
particles in rotating drums. Chemical Engineering Science 86 (5): 99–107.
186. Siiriä, Simo, and Jouko Yliruusi. 2009. Determining a value for mixing: Mixing degree.
Powder Technology 196 (3): 309–317.
187. Asmar, B.N., P.A. Langston, and A.J. Matchett. 2002. A generalised mixing index in distinct
element method simulation of vibrated particulate beds. Granular Matter 4 (3): 129–138.
188. Marigo, M., D.L. Cairns, M. Davies, A. Ingram, and E.H. Stitt. 2012. A numerical comparison
of mixing efficiencies of solids in a cylindrical vessel subject to a range of motions. Powder
Technology 217: 540–547.
189. Jiang, M., Y. Zhao, G. Liu, and J. Zheng. 2011. Enhancing mixing of particles by baffles in a
rotating drum mixer. Powder Technology 9 (3): 270–278.
190. Tian, F., M. Zhang, H. Fan, M. Gu, L. Wang, and Y. Qi. 2007. Numerical study on microscopic
mixing characteristics in fluidized beds via dem. Fuel Processing Technology 88: 187–198.
191. Chandratilleke, G.R., A.B. Yu, J. Bridgwater, and K. Shinohara. 2012. A particle-scale index
in the quantification of mixing of particles. Aiche Journal 58 (4): 1099–1118.