30
1 Introduction
47. Marigo, M., M. Davies, T. Leadbeater, D.L. Cairns, A. Ingram, and E.H. Stitt. 2013. Application of positron emission particle tracking (pept) to validate a discrete element method (dem)
model of granular flow and mixing in the turbula mixer. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 446 (1–2): 46–58.
48. Rycroft Chris, H., S. Grest Gary, W. Landry James, and Martin Z. Bazant. 2006. Analysis of
granular flow in a pebble-bed nuclear reactor. Physical Review E Statistical Nonlinear & Soft
Matter Physics 74 (2 Pt 1): 021306.
49. Jaeger, H.M., and S.R. Nagel. 1992. Physics of the granular state. Science 255 (5051): 1523–
1531.
50. Ehrichs, E.E., H.M. Jaeger, G.S. Karczmar, J.B. Knight, V.Y. Kuperman, and S.R. Nagel.
1995. Granular convection observed by magnetic resonance imaging. Science 267 (5204):
1632–1634.
51. Umbanhowar, Paul B., Francisco Melo, and Harry L. Swinney. 1996. Localized excitations
in a vertically vibrated granular layer. Nature 382 (6594): 793–796.
52. Debrégeas, G., H. Tabuteau, and J.M. Di Meglio. 2001. Deformation and flow of a twodimensional foam under continuous shear. Physical Review Letters 87 (17): 92–95.
53. Liu, A.J., and S.R. Nagel. 1998. Nonlinear dynamics jamming is not just cool any more.
Nature 396: 21–22.
54. Silbert, Leonardo E. 2005. Temporally heterogeneous dynamics in granular flows. Physical
Review Letters, 94 (9): 098002.
55. Brereton, C.M.H., and J.R. Grace. 1993. Microstructural aspects of the behaviour of circulating fluidized beds. Chemical Engineering Science 48 (14): 2565–2572.
56. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kurtosis.
57. Zhong Huang, Bhavik R. Bakshi, Peijun Jiang, and Liang Shih Fan. 1996. Multifractal characterization of flow in circulating fluidized beds. The Chemical Engineering Journal and The
Biochemical Engineering Journal 64 (1): 107–115.
58. Benza, V.G., F. Nori, and O. Pla. 1993. Mean-field theory of sandpile avalanches: From the
intermittent- to the continuous-flow regime. Physical Review E Statistical Physics Plasmas
Fluids & Related Interdisciplinary Topics 48 (5): 4095.
59. RaphaëL, Fischer, Gondret Philippe, and Rabaud Marc. 2009. Transition by intermittency in
granular matter: from discontinuous avalanches to continuous flow. Physical Review Letters
103 (12): 128002.
60. Yang, X., N. Gui, J. Tu, and S. Jiang. 2015. Numerical analysis of granular flows in a silo bed
on flow regime characterization. Plos One 10 (3): e0119155.
61. Jiang, S.Y., X.T. Yang, Z.W. Tang, W.J. Wang, J.Y. Tu, Z.Y. Liu, and J. Li. 2012. Experimental and numerical validation of a two-region-designed pebble bed reactor with dynamic core.
Nuclear Engineering and Design 246: 277–285. Selected and expanded papers from International Conference Nuclear Energy for New Europe 2010, Portoro?, Slovenia, September 6-9,
2010.
62. Auwerda, G.J., J.L. Kloosterman, D. Lathouwers, and T.H.J.J. van der Hagen. 2010. Effects
of random pebble distribution on the multiplication factor in htr pebble bed reactors. Annals
of Nuclear Energy 37 (8): 1056–1066.
63. Gui, Nan, Xingtuan Yang, Tu Jiyuan, and Shengyao Jiang. 2014. Effect of bed configuration
on pebble flow uniformity and stagnation in the pebble bed reactor. Nuclear Engineering and
Design 270: 295–301.
64. Mueth, Daniel M. 2003. Measurements of particle dynamics in slow, dense granular couette
flow. Physical Review E Statistical Nonlinear & Soft Matter Physics 67 (1): 011304.
65. Campbell, Charles S. 2000. Self-diffusion in granular shear flows. Journal of Fluid Mechanics
348 (66): 85–101.
66. Savage, S.B., and R. Dai. 1993. Studies of granular shear flows wall slip velocities, ‘layering’
and self-diffusion. Mechanics of Materials 16 (1–2): 225–238.
67. Wildman, R.D., J.M. Huntley, and J.P. Hansen. 1999. Self-diffusion of grains in a twodimensional vibrofluidized bed. Physical Review E Statistical Physics Plasmas Fluids &
Related Interdisciplinary Topics 60 (6 Pt B): 7066.
1 Introduction
47. Marigo, M., M. Davies, T. Leadbeater, D.L. Cairns, A. Ingram, and E.H. Stitt. 2013. Application of positron emission particle tracking (pept) to validate a discrete element method (dem)
model of granular flow and mixing in the turbula mixer. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 446 (1–2): 46–58.
48. Rycroft Chris, H., S. Grest Gary, W. Landry James, and Martin Z. Bazant. 2006. Analysis of
granular flow in a pebble-bed nuclear reactor. Physical Review E Statistical Nonlinear & Soft
Matter Physics 74 (2 Pt 1): 021306.
49. Jaeger, H.M., and S.R. Nagel. 1992. Physics of the granular state. Science 255 (5051): 1523–
1531.
50. Ehrichs, E.E., H.M. Jaeger, G.S. Karczmar, J.B. Knight, V.Y. Kuperman, and S.R. Nagel.
1995. Granular convection observed by magnetic resonance imaging. Science 267 (5204):
1632–1634.
51. Umbanhowar, Paul B., Francisco Melo, and Harry L. Swinney. 1996. Localized excitations
in a vertically vibrated granular layer. Nature 382 (6594): 793–796.
52. Debrégeas, G., H. Tabuteau, and J.M. Di Meglio. 2001. Deformation and flow of a twodimensional foam under continuous shear. Physical Review Letters 87 (17): 92–95.
53. Liu, A.J., and S.R. Nagel. 1998. Nonlinear dynamics jamming is not just cool any more.
Nature 396: 21–22.
54. Silbert, Leonardo E. 2005. Temporally heterogeneous dynamics in granular flows. Physical
Review Letters, 94 (9): 098002.
55. Brereton, C.M.H., and J.R. Grace. 1993. Microstructural aspects of the behaviour of circulating fluidized beds. Chemical Engineering Science 48 (14): 2565–2572.
56. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kurtosis.
57. Zhong Huang, Bhavik R. Bakshi, Peijun Jiang, and Liang Shih Fan. 1996. Multifractal characterization of flow in circulating fluidized beds. The Chemical Engineering Journal and The
Biochemical Engineering Journal 64 (1): 107–115.
58. Benza, V.G., F. Nori, and O. Pla. 1993. Mean-field theory of sandpile avalanches: From the
intermittent- to the continuous-flow regime. Physical Review E Statistical Physics Plasmas
Fluids & Related Interdisciplinary Topics 48 (5): 4095.
59. RaphaëL, Fischer, Gondret Philippe, and Rabaud Marc. 2009. Transition by intermittency in
granular matter: from discontinuous avalanches to continuous flow. Physical Review Letters
103 (12): 128002.
60. Yang, X., N. Gui, J. Tu, and S. Jiang. 2015. Numerical analysis of granular flows in a silo bed
on flow regime characterization. Plos One 10 (3): e0119155.
61. Jiang, S.Y., X.T. Yang, Z.W. Tang, W.J. Wang, J.Y. Tu, Z.Y. Liu, and J. Li. 2012. Experimental and numerical validation of a two-region-designed pebble bed reactor with dynamic core.
Nuclear Engineering and Design 246: 277–285. Selected and expanded papers from International Conference Nuclear Energy for New Europe 2010, Portoro?, Slovenia, September 6-9,
2010.
62. Auwerda, G.J., J.L. Kloosterman, D. Lathouwers, and T.H.J.J. van der Hagen. 2010. Effects
of random pebble distribution on the multiplication factor in htr pebble bed reactors. Annals
of Nuclear Energy 37 (8): 1056–1066.
63. Gui, Nan, Xingtuan Yang, Tu Jiyuan, and Shengyao Jiang. 2014. Effect of bed configuration
on pebble flow uniformity and stagnation in the pebble bed reactor. Nuclear Engineering and
Design 270: 295–301.
64. Mueth, Daniel M. 2003. Measurements of particle dynamics in slow, dense granular couette
flow. Physical Review E Statistical Nonlinear & Soft Matter Physics 67 (1): 011304.
65. Campbell, Charles S. 2000. Self-diffusion in granular shear flows. Journal of Fluid Mechanics
348 (66): 85–101.
66. Savage, S.B., and R. Dai. 1993. Studies of granular shear flows wall slip velocities, ‘layering’
and self-diffusion. Mechanics of Materials 16 (1–2): 225–238.
67. Wildman, R.D., J.M. Huntley, and J.P. Hansen. 1999. Self-diffusion of grains in a twodimensional vibrofluidized bed. Physical Review E Statistical Physics Plasmas Fluids &
Related Interdisciplinary Topics 60 (6 Pt B): 7066.