M. Baranska et al.
10
productive changes in the intima and central arteries, mainly in the aorta, coronary
arteries and cerebral arteries, rarely in the extremities, which leads to a reduction
in the light of the arteries and reduce their elasticity by the local deposits of cholesterol, its esters and other lipids [69]. At present, most of the diagnostic techniques
commonly used to study patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease (e.g. angiography, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, electron beam computed tomography or intravascular ultrasound) do not assess the biochemical composition of the
vessel wall. Some studies have revealed that Raman and infrared spectroscopy,
compared to histopathological analysis as a gold standard, is capable of identifying
and classifying the different types of tissues found in the atherosclerotic process of
artery postmortem [70]. the main purpose of studies with vibrational spectroscopic technique is ability of using label-free optical microscopy to characterize, and
thus enable quantitative analyses of different atherosclerotic lesion types. Imaging
and quantitative analysis of atherosclerotic lesions was possible by using Coherent
Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) nonlinear optical microscopy [71]. one of
the first real-time investigation utilizing Raman spectroscopy to examine human
atherosclerosis in vivo, (during femoral bypass procedures) and also to demonstrate
the sensitivity of this technique to identify spectroscopic features associated with
plaque vulnerability was presented by motz et al. [72]. Because in vivo Raman
spectroscopy does not require the removal of tissue, its success might open several
new avenues of research.
diabetes mellitus (dm) is an increasingly common metabolic disorder triggered
by the absence or deficiency of insulin, insulin resistance or by defect in insulin
secretion and/or insulin action. As a result hyperglycaemia and profound perturbations in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism are observed. these biochemical
alterations of cellular metabolism in diabetes include changes in biochemical profile of vascular wall as has been already detected by Ft-IR spectroscopy. variations
in spectral parameters can be used in early diagnosis of dm, which may also stimulate the development of patient monitoring devices in future, what can be important
in early detection of metabolic disorders. there are only a few reports of vibrational
spectroscopy focused on diabetic samples [73] and measurements of glucose concentrations in blood [74]. Ft-IR spectroscopy is very informative to differentiate
diabetic tissues from healthy ones at the molecular level [75].
Raman spectroscopy is a valuable tool to investigate and follow an oxidative
stress, which is one of the potential marker of lifestyle diseases. oxidative stress
is associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species (RoS) and
impaired antioxidant mechanisms. direct observation of reactive oxygen species
(RoS) and oxidative stress using vibrational spectroscopy is not possible, but information about RoS can be obtained through the analysis of the effects of RoS on
cells and tissues. Krafft et al. [36] presented a novel description of stress-induced
changes at subcellular level (nucleus, cytoplasm, vesicles, inclusion bodies, and the
peripheral membranes) and apoptosis of cells based on Raman microspectroscopy
imaging. Raman spectroscopy has been shown to be also useful in determining
correlation between carotenoid antioxidants in living human tissues and risk for
malignancies or other diseases associated with oxidative stress, such as e.g. cancer,
10
productive changes in the intima and central arteries, mainly in the aorta, coronary
arteries and cerebral arteries, rarely in the extremities, which leads to a reduction
in the light of the arteries and reduce their elasticity by the local deposits of cholesterol, its esters and other lipids [69]. At present, most of the diagnostic techniques
commonly used to study patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease (e.g. angiography, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, electron beam computed tomography or intravascular ultrasound) do not assess the biochemical composition of the
vessel wall. Some studies have revealed that Raman and infrared spectroscopy,
compared to histopathological analysis as a gold standard, is capable of identifying
and classifying the different types of tissues found in the atherosclerotic process of
artery postmortem [70]. the main purpose of studies with vibrational spectroscopic technique is ability of using label-free optical microscopy to characterize, and
thus enable quantitative analyses of different atherosclerotic lesion types. Imaging
and quantitative analysis of atherosclerotic lesions was possible by using Coherent
Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) nonlinear optical microscopy [71]. one of
the first real-time investigation utilizing Raman spectroscopy to examine human
atherosclerosis in vivo, (during femoral bypass procedures) and also to demonstrate
the sensitivity of this technique to identify spectroscopic features associated with
plaque vulnerability was presented by motz et al. [72]. Because in vivo Raman
spectroscopy does not require the removal of tissue, its success might open several
new avenues of research.
diabetes mellitus (dm) is an increasingly common metabolic disorder triggered
by the absence or deficiency of insulin, insulin resistance or by defect in insulin
secretion and/or insulin action. As a result hyperglycaemia and profound perturbations in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism are observed. these biochemical
alterations of cellular metabolism in diabetes include changes in biochemical profile of vascular wall as has been already detected by Ft-IR spectroscopy. variations
in spectral parameters can be used in early diagnosis of dm, which may also stimulate the development of patient monitoring devices in future, what can be important
in early detection of metabolic disorders. there are only a few reports of vibrational
spectroscopy focused on diabetic samples [73] and measurements of glucose concentrations in blood [74]. Ft-IR spectroscopy is very informative to differentiate
diabetic tissues from healthy ones at the molecular level [75].
Raman spectroscopy is a valuable tool to investigate and follow an oxidative
stress, which is one of the potential marker of lifestyle diseases. oxidative stress
is associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species (RoS) and
impaired antioxidant mechanisms. direct observation of reactive oxygen species
(RoS) and oxidative stress using vibrational spectroscopy is not possible, but information about RoS can be obtained through the analysis of the effects of RoS on
cells and tissues. Krafft et al. [36] presented a novel description of stress-induced
changes at subcellular level (nucleus, cytoplasm, vesicles, inclusion bodies, and the
peripheral membranes) and apoptosis of cells based on Raman microspectroscopy
imaging. Raman spectroscopy has been shown to be also useful in determining
correlation between carotenoid antioxidants in living human tissues and risk for
malignancies or other diseases associated with oxidative stress, such as e.g. cancer,