6 Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Plasmonic Nanostructures
229
the bars need to be optimized for stronger coupling than so far. Also, completely
new oligomeric structures provide unexplored avenues for optimizing the plasmonic
resonances [129], which have not yet been explored for nonlinear optics.
It is fair to say that our recent achievements on the dipole limit of the secondharmonic response and on tailoring the nonlinear response by particle ordering represent only a starting point for future work on nonlinear plasmonics. Only now do
the improved techniques allow the fabrication of nanostructures whose nonlinear
properties can be designed by the structural features of the samples. Such control
will be paramount when various new approaches are explored for the optimization
of the nonlinear responses for various applications.
Acknowledgments We thank B. K. Canfield, G. Genty, K. Koskinen, S. Kujala, H. Pietarinen, R.
Siikanen, S. Suuriniemi, Y. Svirko, and J. Turunen for fruitful discussions and/or help in measurements. This work was supported by the Academy of Finland (132438 and 134980), by the Graduate
School of the Tampere University of Technology, by the Finnish Foundation for Technology Promotion, and by the Wihuri Foundation.
References
1. U. Kreibig, M. Vollmer, Optical Properties of Metal Clusters. Springer Series in Materials
Science (Springer, New York, 1995)
2. S. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications (Springer, New York, 2007)
3. K. Kelly, E. Coronado, L. Zhao, G. Schatz, The optical properties of metal nanoparticles: The
influence of size, shape, and dielectric environment. J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 668–677 (2003)
4. V.M. Shalaev, Optical negative-index metamaterials. Nat. Photon. 1, 41 (2007)
5. C.M. Soukoulis, M. Wegener, Past achievements and future challenges in the development of
three-dimensional photonic metamaterials. Nat. Photon. 5, 523–530 (2011)
6. S. Linden, J. Kuhl, H. Giessen, Controlling the interaction between light and gold nanoparticles: Selective suppression of extinction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 4688–4691 (2001)
7. L. Zhao, K.L. Kelly, G.C. Schatz, The extinction spectra of silver nanoparticle arrays: Influence
of array structure on plasmon resonance wavelength and width. J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 7343–
7350 (2003)
8. A. Christ, S.G. Tikhodeev, N.A. Gippius, J. Kuhl, H. Giessen, Waveguide-plasmon polaritons:
Strong coupling of photonic and electronic resonances in a metallic photonic crystal slab. Phys.
Rev. Lett. 91, 183901 (2003)
9. A. Christ, T. Zentgraf, J. Kuhl, S.G. Tikhodeev, N.A. Gippius, H. Giessen, Optical properties
of planar metallic photonic crystal structures: experiment and theory. Phys. Rev. B 70, 125113
(2004)
10. Y. Chu, E. Schonbrun, T. Yang, K.B. Crozier, Experimental observation of narrow surface
plasmon resonances in gold nanoparticle arrays. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 181108 (2008)
11. B. Auguié, W.L. Barnes, Collective resonances in gold nanoparticle arrays. Phys. Rev. Lett.
101, 143902 (2008)
12. K.D. Ko, A. Kumar, K.H. Fung, R. Ambekar, G.L. Liu, N.X. Fang, K.C. Toussaint, Nonlinear
optical response from arrays of au bowtie nanoantennas. Nano Lett. 11, 61–65 (2011)
13. E. Prodan, C. Radloff, N.J. Halas, P. Nordlander, A hybridization model for the plasmon
response of complex nanostructures. Science 302, 419–422 (2003)
14. T.D. Corrigan, P.W. Kolb, A.B. Sushkov, H.D. Drew, D.C. Schmadel, R.J. Phaneuf, Optical
plasmonic resonances in split-ring resonator structures: An improved LC model. Opt. Express
16, 19850–19864 (2008)
229
the bars need to be optimized for stronger coupling than so far. Also, completely
new oligomeric structures provide unexplored avenues for optimizing the plasmonic
resonances [129], which have not yet been explored for nonlinear optics.
It is fair to say that our recent achievements on the dipole limit of the secondharmonic response and on tailoring the nonlinear response by particle ordering represent only a starting point for future work on nonlinear plasmonics. Only now do
the improved techniques allow the fabrication of nanostructures whose nonlinear
properties can be designed by the structural features of the samples. Such control
will be paramount when various new approaches are explored for the optimization
of the nonlinear responses for various applications.
Acknowledgments We thank B. K. Canfield, G. Genty, K. Koskinen, S. Kujala, H. Pietarinen, R.
Siikanen, S. Suuriniemi, Y. Svirko, and J. Turunen for fruitful discussions and/or help in measurements. This work was supported by the Academy of Finland (132438 and 134980), by the Graduate
School of the Tampere University of Technology, by the Finnish Foundation for Technology Promotion, and by the Wihuri Foundation.
References
1. U. Kreibig, M. Vollmer, Optical Properties of Metal Clusters. Springer Series in Materials
Science (Springer, New York, 1995)
2. S. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications (Springer, New York, 2007)
3. K. Kelly, E. Coronado, L. Zhao, G. Schatz, The optical properties of metal nanoparticles: The
influence of size, shape, and dielectric environment. J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 668–677 (2003)
4. V.M. Shalaev, Optical negative-index metamaterials. Nat. Photon. 1, 41 (2007)
5. C.M. Soukoulis, M. Wegener, Past achievements and future challenges in the development of
three-dimensional photonic metamaterials. Nat. Photon. 5, 523–530 (2011)
6. S. Linden, J. Kuhl, H. Giessen, Controlling the interaction between light and gold nanoparticles: Selective suppression of extinction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 4688–4691 (2001)
7. L. Zhao, K.L. Kelly, G.C. Schatz, The extinction spectra of silver nanoparticle arrays: Influence
of array structure on plasmon resonance wavelength and width. J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 7343–
7350 (2003)
8. A. Christ, S.G. Tikhodeev, N.A. Gippius, J. Kuhl, H. Giessen, Waveguide-plasmon polaritons:
Strong coupling of photonic and electronic resonances in a metallic photonic crystal slab. Phys.
Rev. Lett. 91, 183901 (2003)
9. A. Christ, T. Zentgraf, J. Kuhl, S.G. Tikhodeev, N.A. Gippius, H. Giessen, Optical properties
of planar metallic photonic crystal structures: experiment and theory. Phys. Rev. B 70, 125113
(2004)
10. Y. Chu, E. Schonbrun, T. Yang, K.B. Crozier, Experimental observation of narrow surface
plasmon resonances in gold nanoparticle arrays. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 181108 (2008)
11. B. Auguié, W.L. Barnes, Collective resonances in gold nanoparticle arrays. Phys. Rev. Lett.
101, 143902 (2008)
12. K.D. Ko, A. Kumar, K.H. Fung, R. Ambekar, G.L. Liu, N.X. Fang, K.C. Toussaint, Nonlinear
optical response from arrays of au bowtie nanoantennas. Nano Lett. 11, 61–65 (2011)
13. E. Prodan, C. Radloff, N.J. Halas, P. Nordlander, A hybridization model for the plasmon
response of complex nanostructures. Science 302, 419–422 (2003)
14. T.D. Corrigan, P.W. Kolb, A.B. Sushkov, H.D. Drew, D.C. Schmadel, R.J. Phaneuf, Optical
plasmonic resonances in split-ring resonator structures: An improved LC model. Opt. Express
16, 19850–19864 (2008)