374
T. Ma et al.
toring of gas species as Martin summarized [69]. For example, Scott et al. developed the airborne laser infrared absorption spectrometer II (ALIAS-II), including a
lightweight mid-infrared absorption spectrometer based on cooled lead salt-tunable
diode laser sources. The chemical species such as long-lived tracers N 2 O and CH 4
and chemically active species HCl and NO 2 could be measured precisely [70]. Durry
et al. used commercial distributed- feedback InGaAs laser diodes for the monitoring
of CH 4 and H 2 O [71].
16.7 Archeological Science
Archeological science is to develop techniques for the analysis of archeological
materials. Because most archeological materials are rare, nondestructive ways are
required. Yonenobu et al. [72] compared the NIR spectra of modern hinoki cypress
(Chamaecyparis obtusa) and antique ones from the upright pillars of an old building
with a construction date estimated to be around A.D. 750. They reported that the hemicellulose and holocellulose decrease, whereas lignin increased relatively with aging
for −1300 years under atmospheric conditions without fungal hyphae or some kind
of beetles attack by checking the difference second-derivative NIR spectra. Sandak
et al. [73] also evaluate the archeological wood samples by NIRS. They examined five
pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) pieces of the archeological wood collected from
the waterlogged sites in Poland. The range of waterlogged period of these samples
was 700–2700 years. They measured moisture content, density, cellulose, holocellulose, lignin, extractive contents, crystallinity, and degree of polymerization by the
traditional method and constructed a good calibration curve for lignin and cellulose.
They also showed oak samples representing several degradation levels are grouped
and clearly separated from each other by PCA score from NIR spectra. Linderholm
et al. [74] measured the NIR spectra of rock paintings and local lithology background
in Scandinavian Stone Age rock paintings site Flatruet, Härjedalen, Sweden using
field-based NIR spectrometer. They showed that, although there was a large spread
in the spectra of both background and red paint objects, PLS-DA for NIR spectra
can separate the background and paintings. Their group used a hyper spectral image
to identify the animal bone materials in complex sieved soil sediments matrics from
archeological evacuation in northern Scandinavia [75]. They took NIR hyperspectral image of elk bone and a sieved sediment fraction and identified the presence of
bones, even including variate states of preservation. They further proposed a new
methodology-based NIRS for studying stratigraphy and depth profiles in archeological excavations [76]. The soil samples were collected from a 0.8-m-deep stratigraphy
of a Neolithic site that was analyzed by NIRS and hyperspectral measurement. It was
shown the NIRS combined with multivariate analysis could be useful for finding soil
horizon traits.
T. Ma et al.
toring of gas species as Martin summarized [69]. For example, Scott et al. developed the airborne laser infrared absorption spectrometer II (ALIAS-II), including a
lightweight mid-infrared absorption spectrometer based on cooled lead salt-tunable
diode laser sources. The chemical species such as long-lived tracers N 2 O and CH 4
and chemically active species HCl and NO 2 could be measured precisely [70]. Durry
et al. used commercial distributed- feedback InGaAs laser diodes for the monitoring
of CH 4 and H 2 O [71].
16.7 Archeological Science
Archeological science is to develop techniques for the analysis of archeological
materials. Because most archeological materials are rare, nondestructive ways are
required. Yonenobu et al. [72] compared the NIR spectra of modern hinoki cypress
(Chamaecyparis obtusa) and antique ones from the upright pillars of an old building
with a construction date estimated to be around A.D. 750. They reported that the hemicellulose and holocellulose decrease, whereas lignin increased relatively with aging
for −1300 years under atmospheric conditions without fungal hyphae or some kind
of beetles attack by checking the difference second-derivative NIR spectra. Sandak
et al. [73] also evaluate the archeological wood samples by NIRS. They examined five
pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) pieces of the archeological wood collected from
the waterlogged sites in Poland. The range of waterlogged period of these samples
was 700–2700 years. They measured moisture content, density, cellulose, holocellulose, lignin, extractive contents, crystallinity, and degree of polymerization by the
traditional method and constructed a good calibration curve for lignin and cellulose.
They also showed oak samples representing several degradation levels are grouped
and clearly separated from each other by PCA score from NIR spectra. Linderholm
et al. [74] measured the NIR spectra of rock paintings and local lithology background
in Scandinavian Stone Age rock paintings site Flatruet, Härjedalen, Sweden using
field-based NIR spectrometer. They showed that, although there was a large spread
in the spectra of both background and red paint objects, PLS-DA for NIR spectra
can separate the background and paintings. Their group used a hyper spectral image
to identify the animal bone materials in complex sieved soil sediments matrics from
archeological evacuation in northern Scandinavia [75]. They took NIR hyperspectral image of elk bone and a sieved sediment fraction and identified the presence of
bones, even including variate states of preservation. They further proposed a new
methodology-based NIRS for studying stratigraphy and depth profiles in archeological excavations [76]. The soil samples were collected from a 0.8-m-deep stratigraphy
of a Neolithic site that was analyzed by NIRS and hyperspectral measurement. It was
shown the NIRS combined with multivariate analysis could be useful for finding soil
horizon traits.