166
K. Adrjanowicz and R. Richert
2.2 Summary and Conclusion
In summary, it has been demonstrated that even moderate electric fields can have a
considerable impact on the crystallization outcome for a neat, simple liquid such as
VEC. In this case, static fields between 37 and 200 kV cm
−1 led to an acceleration of
crystallization kinetics, largely due to the nucleation curve extending towards higher
temperatures in the presence of a field relative to the zero-field case. The crystals
grown while a field is applied differ from the ordinary (type 1) crystals in that they
melt already at T m2 = 208 K, i.e., about 20 K below the ordinary melting point at T m1
= 227 K. The strong dependence of the nucleation curve J(T ) on the electric field
facilitates using temperature/field protocols that produce the new (type 2) crystal
polymorph in a highly selective fashion, such that the liquid will crystallize entirely
into a type 2 structure.
More systematic high field studies on VEC and other polar molecular systems
have the potential to reveal the microscopic and thermodynamics origins of these
field effects, which can be exploited to improve crystallization outcomes in terms of
changing the kinetics or tailoring crystallization towards new or away from unwanted
polymorphs.
Acknowledgments KA is grateful for the financial support from the National Science Centre within
the framework of the SONATA BIS project (Grant No. 2017/26/E/ST3/00077). Fruitful discussions
with Lian Yu are gratefully acknowledged.
References
1. Haleblian J, McCrone W (1969) J Pharm Sci 58:911
2. Lendlein A, Kelch S (2002) Angew Chem 41:2034
3. Novoa JJ, Braga D, Addadi L (eds) (2008) Engineering of Crystalline Materials Properties.
Springer, Berlin
4. Myerson A (2002) Handbook of Industrial Crystallization. Butterworth Heinemann, Boston
5. Schmelzer JWP, Abyzov AS, Fokin VM, Schick C, Zanotto ED (2015) J Non-Cryst Solids
429:24
6. Kashchiev D (1972) J Cryst Growth 13–14:128–130
7. Kashchiev D (1972) Philos Mag.25:459–470
8. Isard JO (1977) Philos Mag 35:817–819
9. Ziabicki A, Jarecki L (1996) Macromol Symp 104:65–87
10. Richert R (2018) J Chem Phys 149:240901
11. Uhlmann DR, J. Non-Cryst Solids (1972) 7:337
12. Schmelzer JWP (2008) J Non-Cryst Solids 354:269–278
13. Ngai KL, Magill JH, Plazek DJ (2000) J Chem Phys 112:1887–1892
14. Ediger MD, Harrowell P, Yu L (2008) J Chem Phys 128:034709
15. Fröhlich H (1958) Theory of dielectrics. Clarendon, Oxford
16. Adrjanowicz K, Paluch M, Richert R (2018) Phys Chem Chem Phys 20:925
17. Jensen MH, Alba-Simionesco C, Niss K, Hecksher T (2015) J Chem Phys 143:134501
18. Scaife BKP (1989) Principles of Dielectrics. Clarendon Press, Oxford
19. Kremer F, Schönhals A (eds) (2002) Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy. Springer, Berlin
K. Adrjanowicz and R. Richert
2.2 Summary and Conclusion
In summary, it has been demonstrated that even moderate electric fields can have a
considerable impact on the crystallization outcome for a neat, simple liquid such as
VEC. In this case, static fields between 37 and 200 kV cm
−1 led to an acceleration of
crystallization kinetics, largely due to the nucleation curve extending towards higher
temperatures in the presence of a field relative to the zero-field case. The crystals
grown while a field is applied differ from the ordinary (type 1) crystals in that they
melt already at T m2 = 208 K, i.e., about 20 K below the ordinary melting point at T m1
= 227 K. The strong dependence of the nucleation curve J(T ) on the electric field
facilitates using temperature/field protocols that produce the new (type 2) crystal
polymorph in a highly selective fashion, such that the liquid will crystallize entirely
into a type 2 structure.
More systematic high field studies on VEC and other polar molecular systems
have the potential to reveal the microscopic and thermodynamics origins of these
field effects, which can be exploited to improve crystallization outcomes in terms of
changing the kinetics or tailoring crystallization towards new or away from unwanted
polymorphs.
Acknowledgments KA is grateful for the financial support from the National Science Centre within
the framework of the SONATA BIS project (Grant No. 2017/26/E/ST3/00077). Fruitful discussions
with Lian Yu are gratefully acknowledged.
References
1. Haleblian J, McCrone W (1969) J Pharm Sci 58:911
2. Lendlein A, Kelch S (2002) Angew Chem 41:2034
3. Novoa JJ, Braga D, Addadi L (eds) (2008) Engineering of Crystalline Materials Properties.
Springer, Berlin
4. Myerson A (2002) Handbook of Industrial Crystallization. Butterworth Heinemann, Boston
5. Schmelzer JWP, Abyzov AS, Fokin VM, Schick C, Zanotto ED (2015) J Non-Cryst Solids
429:24
6. Kashchiev D (1972) J Cryst Growth 13–14:128–130
7. Kashchiev D (1972) Philos Mag.25:459–470
8. Isard JO (1977) Philos Mag 35:817–819
9. Ziabicki A, Jarecki L (1996) Macromol Symp 104:65–87
10. Richert R (2018) J Chem Phys 149:240901
11. Uhlmann DR, J. Non-Cryst Solids (1972) 7:337
12. Schmelzer JWP (2008) J Non-Cryst Solids 354:269–278
13. Ngai KL, Magill JH, Plazek DJ (2000) J Chem Phys 112:1887–1892
14. Ediger MD, Harrowell P, Yu L (2008) J Chem Phys 128:034709
15. Fröhlich H (1958) Theory of dielectrics. Clarendon, Oxford
16. Adrjanowicz K, Paluch M, Richert R (2018) Phys Chem Chem Phys 20:925
17. Jensen MH, Alba-Simionesco C, Niss K, Hecksher T (2015) J Chem Phys 143:134501
18. Scaife BKP (1989) Principles of Dielectrics. Clarendon Press, Oxford
19. Kremer F, Schönhals A (eds) (2002) Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy. Springer, Berlin