2.2 Holographic Study of Structural and Functional Characteristics …
89
or there is cooperative reorientation of dipoles ensemble of atomic scale. Today, the
most actual task for nerve impulse biophysics is to clarify this issue.
The theory of nerve impulses distribution on separate fibers of different geometry
is quite detailed. The next step is to consider electrically connected nerve fibers, the
so-called excitable medium.
The development of excitable medium theory is connected with considerable
difficulties, as besides random parameters distribution it is necessary to take into
consideration nonlinear character and memory of source function. Therefore, it is
not a surprise that suitable formal apparatus has not been developed till the present
moment.
During the study with the use of electron microscope in axon, neuroplasm and
neurofibrils were distinguished. In the present, it is considered that the conduction of excitement is the function of interaction between neurofibrils and axoplasm.
Myelin sheath has a layered structure. Myelin layers are interleaved by thin protein
interlayers. Myelin consists of the molecules of cholesterol, phospholipids and cerebrosides. During the study in polarized light, myelin detects single-layer positive
birefringence [209]. It is assumed that myelin is necessary for isolated pulsing. It is
easier to excite nerve fiber in the area of Ranvie interceptions, i.e., in the area where
there is no myelin.
Nerve fibers connect neurons with each other or with the cells of working organs.
The impulses appeared in nerve cell or receptor are distributed through nerve fiber.
The fiber can be excited by temperature rising, mechanically and chemically. The
highest excitability nerve fiber has concerning electric current [158]. The majority
of experiments carried out using electrophysiological methods. And now it is generally accepted that nerve impulse distribution is carried out in electric way. But it is
acceptable that mechanic and electric conceptions, which characterize nerve impulse
distribution along the fiber, will be replaced by waveguide mechanism of distribution
along it (nerve fiber) of electromagnetic radiation like autowave oscillations such as
solitons. It is also acceptable that in living neuromuscular tissue, there is some selfinduced system (such “substations” concerning nerve fiber are, for example, the area
of Ranvie interceptions), which fulfills the most important nerve impulse features,
such as the ability to spread along the fiber with the constant speed and without
attenuation [210, 211].
The studies in the area of neuron neurophysiology [212–227] are also of the utmost
interest. To some extent, they explained the mechanisms of impulse distribution in
the neurons. But, the final understanding of fundamental mentation as the dynamic of
many impulses in neural net has not been reached. The neural net indicates disorder
in the interconnection of the majority of neurons up to 10
10 . In spite of this feature,
there is perfection in mentation function systematization. If any systemized function
is in disorder of the element set, then it has to have statistic character. This fact was
marked by N. Viner (1948) [216] in its cybernetics theory. On the other hand, in 1971
K. Pribram proposed heuristic and metaphoric statement of the mentation [217]. It is
called neural holography, and it provides stable model of memory processes. It was
produced on the basis of deep mathematical consideration and has absolutely similar
to some optical hologram properties. Memory processes scatter the saved information
89
or there is cooperative reorientation of dipoles ensemble of atomic scale. Today, the
most actual task for nerve impulse biophysics is to clarify this issue.
The theory of nerve impulses distribution on separate fibers of different geometry
is quite detailed. The next step is to consider electrically connected nerve fibers, the
so-called excitable medium.
The development of excitable medium theory is connected with considerable
difficulties, as besides random parameters distribution it is necessary to take into
consideration nonlinear character and memory of source function. Therefore, it is
not a surprise that suitable formal apparatus has not been developed till the present
moment.
During the study with the use of electron microscope in axon, neuroplasm and
neurofibrils were distinguished. In the present, it is considered that the conduction of excitement is the function of interaction between neurofibrils and axoplasm.
Myelin sheath has a layered structure. Myelin layers are interleaved by thin protein
interlayers. Myelin consists of the molecules of cholesterol, phospholipids and cerebrosides. During the study in polarized light, myelin detects single-layer positive
birefringence [209]. It is assumed that myelin is necessary for isolated pulsing. It is
easier to excite nerve fiber in the area of Ranvie interceptions, i.e., in the area where
there is no myelin.
Nerve fibers connect neurons with each other or with the cells of working organs.
The impulses appeared in nerve cell or receptor are distributed through nerve fiber.
The fiber can be excited by temperature rising, mechanically and chemically. The
highest excitability nerve fiber has concerning electric current [158]. The majority
of experiments carried out using electrophysiological methods. And now it is generally accepted that nerve impulse distribution is carried out in electric way. But it is
acceptable that mechanic and electric conceptions, which characterize nerve impulse
distribution along the fiber, will be replaced by waveguide mechanism of distribution
along it (nerve fiber) of electromagnetic radiation like autowave oscillations such as
solitons. It is also acceptable that in living neuromuscular tissue, there is some selfinduced system (such “substations” concerning nerve fiber are, for example, the area
of Ranvie interceptions), which fulfills the most important nerve impulse features,
such as the ability to spread along the fiber with the constant speed and without
attenuation [210, 211].
The studies in the area of neuron neurophysiology [212–227] are also of the utmost
interest. To some extent, they explained the mechanisms of impulse distribution in
the neurons. But, the final understanding of fundamental mentation as the dynamic of
many impulses in neural net has not been reached. The neural net indicates disorder
in the interconnection of the majority of neurons up to 10
10 . In spite of this feature,
there is perfection in mentation function systematization. If any systemized function
is in disorder of the element set, then it has to have statistic character. This fact was
marked by N. Viner (1948) [216] in its cybernetics theory. On the other hand, in 1971
K. Pribram proposed heuristic and metaphoric statement of the mentation [217]. It is
called neural holography, and it provides stable model of memory processes. It was
produced on the basis of deep mathematical consideration and has absolutely similar
to some optical hologram properties. Memory processes scatter the saved information