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processing. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 30(18), 2541–2552 (1997)
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surface evolution. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 33, 1817–1830 (2001)
113. H. Ki, P.S. Mohanty, J. Mazumder, Modeling of laser keyhole welding: Part II. Simulation of
keyhole evolution, velocity, temperature profile, and experimental verification. Metall. Mater.
Trans. A 33, 1831–1842 (2001)
114. J. Xie, Dual beam laser welding. Weld. J. 81, 223–230 (2002)
279
91. M. Kang, R.P. Fedkiw, X.D. Liu, A boundary condition capturing method for multiphase
incompressible flow. J. Sci. Comput. 15(3), 323–360 (2000)
92. J.Y. Lee, S.H. Ko, D.F. Farson et al., Mechanism of keyhole formation and stability in
stationary laser welding. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 35, 1570–1576 (2002)
93. S. Pang, K. Hirano, R. Fabbro et al., Explanation of penetration depth variation during laser
welding under variable ambient pressure. J. Laser Appl. 27(2), (2015)
94. H. Ki, J. Mazumder, P.S. Mohanty, Modeling of laser keyhole welding: Part I. Mathematical modeling, numerical methodology, role of recoil pressure, multiple reflections, and free
surface evolution. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 33(6), 1817–1830 (2002)
95. W. Tan, N.S. Bailey, Y.C. Shin, Investigation of keyhole plume and molten pool based on a
three-dimensional dynamic model with sharp interface formulation. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
46(5), (2013)
96. E.H. Amara, A. Bendib, Modelling of vapour flow in deep penetration laser welding. J. Phys.
D: Appl. Phys. 35(3), 272 (2002)
97. A.K. Dasgupta, J.L. Mazumder, Physics of zinc vaporization and plasma absorption during
CO 2 laser welding. J. Appl. Phys. 102(5), (2007)
98. M. Zhang, Study on the Behavior of Metallic Vapor Plume and Defects Control During Deep
Penetration Laser Welding of Thick Plate Using 10-kW Level High Power Fiber Laser (Hunan
University, Changsha, 2013)
99. A. Kaplan, A model of deep penetration laser welding based on calculation of the keyhole
profile. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 27(9), 1805–1814 (1994)
100. Y. Su, A Study on the Thermal Efficiency in Laser Welding (Beihang University, Beijing, 2000)
101. W.W. Duley, Laser Welding (Willy, New York, 1999)
102. M.H. Glowacki, The effects of the use of different shielding gas mixtures in laser welding of
metals. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 28(10), 2051–2059 (1995)
103. F. Remy, S. Sonia, D. Ivan et al., Experimental study of the dynamical coupling between the
induced vapour plume and the melt pool for Nd-Yag CW laser welding. J. Phys. D: Appl.
Phys. 39(2), 394–400 (2006)
104. K. Kenichi, I. Takashi, Y. Kouzou et al., Prevention of welding defect by side gas flow and its
monitoring method in continuous wave Nd: YAG laser welding. J. Laser Appl. 14(3), 136–145
(2002)
105. L. Zhang, J. Zhang, R. Wang et al., Effects of side assist gas on the CO 2 laser welding process
of thin stainless plate. Appl. Laser 25(4), 217–221 (2005)
106. L. Zhang, J. Zhang, R. Wang et al., Effects of side assist gas on weld formation in laser
welding of thin stainless plate. Rare Metal Mater. Eng. 35(Suppl. 2), 39–44 (2006)
107. H. Ki, J. Mazumder, P.S. Mohanty, Modeling of laser keyhole welding: Part I. Mathematical modeling, numerical methodology, role of recoil pressure, multiple reflections, and free
surface evolution. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 33, 1817–1830 (2002)
108. J. Zhou, H.L. Tsai, T.F. Lehnhoff, Investigation of transport phenomena and defect formation
in pulsed laser keyhole welding of zinc-coated steels. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 39(24), 5338–
5355 (2006)
109. S. Osher, R. Fedkiw, Level Set Methods and Dynamic Implicit Surfaces (Springer, Berlin,
2002)
110. A. Matsunawa, Y.V. Semak, The simulation of front keyhole wall dynamics during laser
welding. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 30(5), 798–809 (1997)
111. V. Semak, A. Matsunawa, The role of recoil pressure in energy balance during laser materials
processing. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 30(18), 2541–2552 (1997)
112. H. Ki, P.S. Mohanty, J. Mazumder, Modeling of laser keyhole welding: Part I. Mathematical modeling, numerical methodology, role of recoil pressure, multiple reflections, and free
surface evolution. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 33, 1817–1830 (2001)
113. H. Ki, P.S. Mohanty, J. Mazumder, Modeling of laser keyhole welding: Part II. Simulation of
keyhole evolution, velocity, temperature profile, and experimental verification. Metall. Mater.
Trans. A 33, 1831–1842 (2001)
114. J. Xie, Dual beam laser welding. Weld. J. 81, 223–230 (2002)