248
8 Conclusion and Outlook
24. S.I. Pekar, The theory of electromagnetic waves in a crystal in which excitons are produced.
Sov. Phys. JETP 6, 785 (1958)
25. J.J. Hopfield, Theory of the contribution of excitons to the complex dielectric constant of
crystals. Phys. Rev. 112, 1555 (1958)
26. C.F. Klingshirn, Semiconductor Optics (Springer, Berlin, 2012)
27. Y. Yamamoto, A. Imamoglu, Mesoscopic Quantum Optics (Wiley, New Jersey, 1999)
28. K. Vahala, Optical Microcavities (World Scientific, Singapore, 2004)
29. A. Kavokin, G. Malpuech, Cavity Polaritons (Academic, New York, 2003)
30. B. Deveaud, The Physics of Semiconductor Microcavities (WILEY-VCH, New Jersey, 2007)
31. C. Weisbuch, M. Nishioka, A. Ishikawa, Y. Arakawa, Observation of the coupled excitonphoton mode splitting in a semiconductor quantum microcavity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3314
(1992)
32. J.P. Reithmaier, G. Sek, A. Löffler, C. Hofmann, S. Kuhn, S. Reitzenstein, L.V. Keldysh,
V.D. Kulakovskii, T.L. Reinecke, A. Forchel, Strong coupling in a single quantum dotsemiconductor microcavity system. Nature 432, 197–200 (2004)
33. T. Yoshie, A. Scherer, J. Hendrickson, G. Khitrova, H.M. Gibbs, G. Rupper, C. Ell, O.B.
Shchekin, D.G. Deppe, Vacuum Rabi splitting with a single quantum dot in a photonic crystal
nanocavity. Nature 432, 200–203 (2004)
34. E. Peter, P. Senellart, D. Martrou, A. Lemaître, J. Hours, J.M. Gérard, J. Bloch, Exciton-photon
strong-coupling regime for a single quantum dot embedded in a microcavity. Phys. Rev. Lett.
95, 067401 (2005)
35. Y. Yamamoto, F. Tassone, H. Cao, Semiconductor Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics
(Springer, Berlin, 2000)
36. A.V. Kavokin, J.J. Baumberg, G. Malpuech, F.P. Laussy, Microcavities (Oxford University
Press, Oxford, 2007)
37. A. Imamoglu, R.J. Ram, S. Pau, Y. Yamamoto, Nonequilibrium condensates and lasers without
inversion: exciton-polariton lasers. Phys. Rev. A 53, 4250 (1996)
38. A. Kavokin, G. Malpuech, F.P. Laussy, Polariton laser and polariton superfluidity in microcavities. Phys. Lett. A 306, 187–199 (2003)
39. H. Deng, G. Weihs, C. Santori, J. Bloch, Y. Yamamoto, Condensation of semiconductor
microcavity exciton polaritons. Science 298(5591), 199–202 (2002)
40. J. Kasprzak, M. Richard, S. Kundermann, A. Baas, P. Jeambrun, J.M.J. Keeling, F.M.
Marchetti, M.H. Szyma´ nska, R. André, J.L. Staehli, V. Savona, P.B. Littlewood, B. Deveaud,
L.S. Dang, Bose-Einstein condensation of exciton polaritons. Nature 443, 409–414 (2006)
41. R. Balili, V. Hartwell, D. Snoke, L. Pfeiffer, K. West, Bose-Einstein condensation of microcavity polaritons in a trap. Science 316, 1007–1010 (2007)
42. M.H. Anderson, J.R. Ensher, M.R. Matthews, C.E. Wieman, E.A. Cornell, Observation of
Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor. Science 269, 198–201 (1995)
43. K.B. Davis, M.O. Mewes, M.R. Andrews, N.J. van Druten, D.S. Durfee, D.M. Kurn, W.
Ketterle, Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas of sodium atoms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 3969
(1995)
44. C.C. Bradley, C.A. Sackett, J.J. Tollett, R.G. Hulet, Evidence of Bose-Einstein condensation
in an atomic gas with attractive interactions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1687 (1995)
45. H. Deng, H. Haug, Y. Yamamoto, Exciton-polariton Bose-Einstein condensation. Rev. Mod.
Phys. 82, 1489 (2010)
46. D. Sanvitto, V. Timofeev, Exciton Polaritons in Microcavities: New Frontiers (Springer,
Berlin, 2012)
47. A.V. Kavokin, J.J. Baumberg, G. Malpuech, F.P. Laussy, Microcavities, vol. 1 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017)
48. A. Rahimi-Iman, Polariton Physics: From Dynamic Bose–Einstein Condensates in StronglyCoupled Light–Matter Systems to Polariton Lasers, Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol.
229 (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2020)
49. S.S. Demirchyan, I.Y. Chestnov, A.P. Alodjants, M.M. Glazov, A.V. Kavokin, Qubits based
on polariton rabi oscillators. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 196403 (2014)
8 Conclusion and Outlook
24. S.I. Pekar, The theory of electromagnetic waves in a crystal in which excitons are produced.
Sov. Phys. JETP 6, 785 (1958)
25. J.J. Hopfield, Theory of the contribution of excitons to the complex dielectric constant of
crystals. Phys. Rev. 112, 1555 (1958)
26. C.F. Klingshirn, Semiconductor Optics (Springer, Berlin, 2012)
27. Y. Yamamoto, A. Imamoglu, Mesoscopic Quantum Optics (Wiley, New Jersey, 1999)
28. K. Vahala, Optical Microcavities (World Scientific, Singapore, 2004)
29. A. Kavokin, G. Malpuech, Cavity Polaritons (Academic, New York, 2003)
30. B. Deveaud, The Physics of Semiconductor Microcavities (WILEY-VCH, New Jersey, 2007)
31. C. Weisbuch, M. Nishioka, A. Ishikawa, Y. Arakawa, Observation of the coupled excitonphoton mode splitting in a semiconductor quantum microcavity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3314
(1992)
32. J.P. Reithmaier, G. Sek, A. Löffler, C. Hofmann, S. Kuhn, S. Reitzenstein, L.V. Keldysh,
V.D. Kulakovskii, T.L. Reinecke, A. Forchel, Strong coupling in a single quantum dotsemiconductor microcavity system. Nature 432, 197–200 (2004)
33. T. Yoshie, A. Scherer, J. Hendrickson, G. Khitrova, H.M. Gibbs, G. Rupper, C. Ell, O.B.
Shchekin, D.G. Deppe, Vacuum Rabi splitting with a single quantum dot in a photonic crystal
nanocavity. Nature 432, 200–203 (2004)
34. E. Peter, P. Senellart, D. Martrou, A. Lemaître, J. Hours, J.M. Gérard, J. Bloch, Exciton-photon
strong-coupling regime for a single quantum dot embedded in a microcavity. Phys. Rev. Lett.
95, 067401 (2005)
35. Y. Yamamoto, F. Tassone, H. Cao, Semiconductor Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics
(Springer, Berlin, 2000)
36. A.V. Kavokin, J.J. Baumberg, G. Malpuech, F.P. Laussy, Microcavities (Oxford University
Press, Oxford, 2007)
37. A. Imamoglu, R.J. Ram, S. Pau, Y. Yamamoto, Nonequilibrium condensates and lasers without
inversion: exciton-polariton lasers. Phys. Rev. A 53, 4250 (1996)
38. A. Kavokin, G. Malpuech, F.P. Laussy, Polariton laser and polariton superfluidity in microcavities. Phys. Lett. A 306, 187–199 (2003)
39. H. Deng, G. Weihs, C. Santori, J. Bloch, Y. Yamamoto, Condensation of semiconductor
microcavity exciton polaritons. Science 298(5591), 199–202 (2002)
40. J. Kasprzak, M. Richard, S. Kundermann, A. Baas, P. Jeambrun, J.M.J. Keeling, F.M.
Marchetti, M.H. Szyma´ nska, R. André, J.L. Staehli, V. Savona, P.B. Littlewood, B. Deveaud,
L.S. Dang, Bose-Einstein condensation of exciton polaritons. Nature 443, 409–414 (2006)
41. R. Balili, V. Hartwell, D. Snoke, L. Pfeiffer, K. West, Bose-Einstein condensation of microcavity polaritons in a trap. Science 316, 1007–1010 (2007)
42. M.H. Anderson, J.R. Ensher, M.R. Matthews, C.E. Wieman, E.A. Cornell, Observation of
Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor. Science 269, 198–201 (1995)
43. K.B. Davis, M.O. Mewes, M.R. Andrews, N.J. van Druten, D.S. Durfee, D.M. Kurn, W.
Ketterle, Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas of sodium atoms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 3969
(1995)
44. C.C. Bradley, C.A. Sackett, J.J. Tollett, R.G. Hulet, Evidence of Bose-Einstein condensation
in an atomic gas with attractive interactions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1687 (1995)
45. H. Deng, H. Haug, Y. Yamamoto, Exciton-polariton Bose-Einstein condensation. Rev. Mod.
Phys. 82, 1489 (2010)
46. D. Sanvitto, V. Timofeev, Exciton Polaritons in Microcavities: New Frontiers (Springer,
Berlin, 2012)
47. A.V. Kavokin, J.J. Baumberg, G. Malpuech, F.P. Laussy, Microcavities, vol. 1 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017)
48. A. Rahimi-Iman, Polariton Physics: From Dynamic Bose–Einstein Condensates in StronglyCoupled Light–Matter Systems to Polariton Lasers, Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol.
229 (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2020)
49. S.S. Demirchyan, I.Y. Chestnov, A.P. Alodjants, M.M. Glazov, A.V. Kavokin, Qubits based
on polariton rabi oscillators. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 196403 (2014)