Editors
R. Krishnan
Centre for Climate Change Research
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
(IITM-MoES)
Pune, India
J. Sanjay
Centre for Climate Change Research
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
(IITM-MoES)
Pune, India
Chellappan Gnanaseelan
Short Term Climate Variability and Prediction
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
(IITM-MoES)
Pune, India
Milind Mujumdar
Centre for Climate Change Research
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
(IITM-MoES)
Pune, India
Ashwini Kulkarni
Short Term Climate Variability and Prediction
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
(IITM-MoES)
Pune, India
Supriyo Chakraborty
Centre for Climate Change Research
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
(IITM-MoES)
Pune, India
ISBN 978-981-15-4326-5
ISBN 978-981-15-4327-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4327-2
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020, corrected publication 2021. This book is an open access
publication.
Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in
any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to
the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless
indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license
and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain
permission directly from the copyright holder.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and
regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to
be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty,
expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore
R. Krishnan
Centre for Climate Change Research
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
(IITM-MoES)
Pune, India
J. Sanjay
Centre for Climate Change Research
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
(IITM-MoES)
Pune, India
Chellappan Gnanaseelan
Short Term Climate Variability and Prediction
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
(IITM-MoES)
Pune, India
Milind Mujumdar
Centre for Climate Change Research
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
(IITM-MoES)
Pune, India
Ashwini Kulkarni
Short Term Climate Variability and Prediction
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
(IITM-MoES)
Pune, India
Supriyo Chakraborty
Centre for Climate Change Research
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
(IITM-MoES)
Pune, India
ISBN 978-981-15-4326-5
ISBN 978-981-15-4327-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4327-2
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020, corrected publication 2021. This book is an open access
publication.
Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in
any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to
the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless
indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license
and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain
permission directly from the copyright holder.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and
regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to
be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty,
expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore