63
will not be immediately adopted everywhere and that it is a long-lasting process.
For instance, as stated earlier in the text, new forms and approaches in tourism are
getting more attention among (potential) tourists, but mass forms of tourism (e.g.
coastal, ski, massive cultural tourism) still have the largest share of the tourist market in the world.
The key change from an unsustainable to sustainable approach towards the environment and various human activities lies in education. Therefore, it is not a question of whether Environmental Citizenship should be included in the education
curricula, but it should be implemented in all levels of education as soon as possible.
Another way of strengthening Environmental Citizenship is participation in volunteering initiatives, which may be considered as a potential tool for shaping the attitude of improving community character and cohesion.
Finally, this reflection intends to open questions for further discussion and
research, particularly related to the role of Environmental Citizenship in sustainable
urban planning and transport systems, sustainable use of cultural heritage and sustainable tourism, and the forms of voluntarism movements and initiatives that could
serve to sustainable societies. The significance of volunteering stems from the
notion that this helps to not only develop solidarity directly linked to the idea of
preserving social cohesion but also to build social, cultural, and human capital based
on one of the objectives of the Lisbon Strategy to promote a knowledge-based society by encouraging non-formal learning (Keranova 2014).
Individuals can be given opportunities to act as Environmental Citizens in different contexts, for example, within their local community, or with regard to national
or global considerations. Local initiatives have a particular potential to deliver environmental improvements and social justice.
Acknowledgement This chapter is based on work from Cost Action ENEC – European Network
for Environmental Citizenship (CA16229) – supported by COST (European Cooperation in
Science and Technology).
References
Al Zubi, M., & Radović, V. (2018). SDG 11 sustainable cities and communities. Towards inclusive,
safe, and resilient settlements. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.
Andriotis, K. (2002). Options in tourism development. Conscious versus conventional tourism.
Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 1(1), 73–85.
Bongardt, D., Creutzig, F., Hüging, H., Sakamoto, K., Bakker, S., Gota, S., & Böhler-Baedeker, S.
(2013). Low-carbon land transport, policy handbook. London: Routledge.
Butcher, J. (2008). ‘Ethical’ travel and well-being: Reposing the issue. Tourism Recreation
Research, 33(2), 219–222.
Cahill, M. (2010). Transport, environment and society. Berkshire: Open University Press.
Cairns, S., Sloman, L., Newson, C., Anable, J., Kirkbride, A., & Goodwin, P. (2004). Smarter
choices: Changing the way we travel. London: Department for Transport.
4 Societal Issues and Environmental Citizenship
will not be immediately adopted everywhere and that it is a long-lasting process.
For instance, as stated earlier in the text, new forms and approaches in tourism are
getting more attention among (potential) tourists, but mass forms of tourism (e.g.
coastal, ski, massive cultural tourism) still have the largest share of the tourist market in the world.
The key change from an unsustainable to sustainable approach towards the environment and various human activities lies in education. Therefore, it is not a question of whether Environmental Citizenship should be included in the education
curricula, but it should be implemented in all levels of education as soon as possible.
Another way of strengthening Environmental Citizenship is participation in volunteering initiatives, which may be considered as a potential tool for shaping the attitude of improving community character and cohesion.
Finally, this reflection intends to open questions for further discussion and
research, particularly related to the role of Environmental Citizenship in sustainable
urban planning and transport systems, sustainable use of cultural heritage and sustainable tourism, and the forms of voluntarism movements and initiatives that could
serve to sustainable societies. The significance of volunteering stems from the
notion that this helps to not only develop solidarity directly linked to the idea of
preserving social cohesion but also to build social, cultural, and human capital based
on one of the objectives of the Lisbon Strategy to promote a knowledge-based society by encouraging non-formal learning (Keranova 2014).
Individuals can be given opportunities to act as Environmental Citizens in different contexts, for example, within their local community, or with regard to national
or global considerations. Local initiatives have a particular potential to deliver environmental improvements and social justice.
Acknowledgement This chapter is based on work from Cost Action ENEC – European Network
for Environmental Citizenship (CA16229) – supported by COST (European Cooperation in
Science and Technology).
References
Al Zubi, M., & Radović, V. (2018). SDG 11 sustainable cities and communities. Towards inclusive,
safe, and resilient settlements. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.
Andriotis, K. (2002). Options in tourism development. Conscious versus conventional tourism.
Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 1(1), 73–85.
Bongardt, D., Creutzig, F., Hüging, H., Sakamoto, K., Bakker, S., Gota, S., & Böhler-Baedeker, S.
(2013). Low-carbon land transport, policy handbook. London: Routledge.
Butcher, J. (2008). ‘Ethical’ travel and well-being: Reposing the issue. Tourism Recreation
Research, 33(2), 219–222.
Cahill, M. (2010). Transport, environment and society. Berkshire: Open University Press.
Cairns, S., Sloman, L., Newson, C., Anable, J., Kirkbride, A., & Goodwin, P. (2004). Smarter
choices: Changing the way we travel. London: Department for Transport.
4 Societal Issues and Environmental Citizenship