7 A Primer on Gels (with an Emphasis on Molecular Gels)
321
71. (a) Luboradzki, R., Gronwald, O., Ikeda, A., Shinkai, S.: Sugar-integrated “Supergelators”
which can form organogels with 0.03–0.05% [g mL −1] . Chem Lett. 29, 1148–1149 (2000).
(b) Gronwald, O., Shinkai, S.: Sugar-integrated gelators of organic solvents. Chem Eur. J. 7,
4328–4334 (2001)
72. Maroncelli, M., Strauss, H.L., Snyder, R.G.: The distribution of conformational disorder in the
high-temperature phases of the crystalline n-alkanes. J. Chem. Phys. 82, 2811–2824 (1985)
73. Schaerer, A.A., Busso, C.J., Smith, A.E., Skinner, L.B.: Properties of pure normal alkanes in
the C 17 to C 36 Range. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 2017–2019 (1955)
74. Abdallah, D.J., Weiss, R.G.: n-Alkanes Gel n-Alkanes (and Many Other Organic Liquids).
Langmuir 16, 352–355 (2000)
75. Krishnamurthi, D., Krishnamourthy, K.S., Shashidar, R.: Thermal, optical, X-ray, infrared and
NMR’ studies on the a-phase of some saturated aliphatic esters. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 8,
339–366 (1969)
76. (a) Vincent, J.M., Skoulios, A.: ‘Gel’ et ‘coagel’. I. Identification. Localisation dans un
diagramme de phases et détermination de la structure du ‘gel’ dans le cas du stéarate de
potassium. Acta Cryst. 20, 432–441 (1966). (b) Vincent, J.M., Skoulios, A.: ‘Gel’ et ‘coagel’.
II. Etude comparative de quelques amphiphiles Acta Cryst. 20, 441–447 (1966). (c) Vincent,
J.M., Skoulios, A.: ‘Gel’ and ‘coagel’. III. ‘Gel’ investigation in the equimolecular mixture
potassium stearate-n-octadecanol. Acta Cryst. 20, 447–451 (1966)
77. George, M., Weiss, R.G.: Molecular organogels. Soft matter comprised of low molecular-mass
organic gelators and organic liquids. Acc. Chem. Res. 39, 489–497 (2006)
78. (a) Mallia, V.A., George, M., Blair, D.L., Weiss, R.G.: Robust organogels from nitrogencontaining derivatives of (R)-12-hydroxystearic acid as gelators. Comparisons with gels from
stearic acid derivatives. Langmuir 25, 8615–8625 (2009). (b) Mallia, V.A., Terech. P., Weiss.
R.G.: Correlations of properties and structures at different length scales of hydro- and organogels based on N-alkyl-(R)-12-hydroxyoctadecylammonium chlorides. J Phys. Chem. B 115,
12401–12414 (2011). (c) Mallia, V.A., Weiss, R.G.: Self-assembled fibrillar networks and
molecular gels employing 12-hydroxystearic acid and its isomers and derivatives. J. Phys.
Org. Chem. 27, 310–315 (2014). (d) Abraham, S., Lan, Y., Lam, R.S.H., Grahame, D.A.S.,
Kim, J.J.H., Weiss, R.G., Rogers, M.A.: Influence of positional isomers on the macroscale
and nanoscale of aggregates of racemic hydroxyoctadecanoic acids in their molecular gel,
dispersion and solid states. Langmuir 28, 4955–4964 (2012). (e) Zhang, M., Selvakumar, S.,
Zhang, X., Sibi, M.P., Weiss, R.G.: Structural and solubility parameter correlations of gelation
abilities for dihydroxylated derivatives of long-chained, naturally-occurring fatty acids. Chem.
Eur. J. 21, 8530–8543 (2015)
79. (a) Pal, A., Abraham, S., Roger, M.A., Dey, J., Weiss, R.G.: Comparison of dipolar, h-bonding,
and dispersive interactions on gelation efficiency of positional isomers of keto and hydroxy
substituted octadecanoic acids. Langmuir 29, 6467–6475 (2013). (b) Zhang, M., Weiss, R.G.:
Mechano-responsive, thermo-reversible, luminescent organogels derived from a long-chained,
naturally-occurring fatty acid. Chem. Eur. J. 22, 8262–8272 (2016). (c) Zhang, M., Weiss, R.G.:
Mechano-switchable, luminescent gels derived from salts of a long-chained, fatty-acid gelator.
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 20399–20409 (2016)
80. Jones, C.D., Simmons, H.T.D., Horner, K.E., Liu, K.Q., Thompson, R.L., Steed, J.W.: Braiding,
branching and chiral amplification of nanofibres in supramolecular gels. Nat. Chem. 11, 375–
381 (2019)
81. Artin, E.: Theory of braids. Ann. Math. 48, 101–126 (1947)
82. Kageyama, Y., Ikegami, T., Hiramatsu, N., Takeda, S., Sugawara, T.: Structure and growth
behavior of centimeter-sized helical oleate assemblies formed with assistance of medium-length
carboxylic acids. Soft Matter 11, 3550–3558 (2015)
83. Boettcher, C., Schade, B., Fuhrhop, J.H.: Comparative cryo-electron microscopy of noncovalent
N-dodecanoyl- (D- and L-) serine assemblies in vitreous toluene and water. Langmuir 17,
873–877 (2001)
84. Ziserman, L., Lee, H.Y., Raghavan, Mor A., Danino, D.: Unraveling the mechanism of nanotube
formation by chiral self-assembly of amphiphiles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 2511–2517 (2011)
321
71. (a) Luboradzki, R., Gronwald, O., Ikeda, A., Shinkai, S.: Sugar-integrated “Supergelators”
which can form organogels with 0.03–0.05% [g mL −1] . Chem Lett. 29, 1148–1149 (2000).
(b) Gronwald, O., Shinkai, S.: Sugar-integrated gelators of organic solvents. Chem Eur. J. 7,
4328–4334 (2001)
72. Maroncelli, M., Strauss, H.L., Snyder, R.G.: The distribution of conformational disorder in the
high-temperature phases of the crystalline n-alkanes. J. Chem. Phys. 82, 2811–2824 (1985)
73. Schaerer, A.A., Busso, C.J., Smith, A.E., Skinner, L.B.: Properties of pure normal alkanes in
the C 17 to C 36 Range. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 2017–2019 (1955)
74. Abdallah, D.J., Weiss, R.G.: n-Alkanes Gel n-Alkanes (and Many Other Organic Liquids).
Langmuir 16, 352–355 (2000)
75. Krishnamurthi, D., Krishnamourthy, K.S., Shashidar, R.: Thermal, optical, X-ray, infrared and
NMR’ studies on the a-phase of some saturated aliphatic esters. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 8,
339–366 (1969)
76. (a) Vincent, J.M., Skoulios, A.: ‘Gel’ et ‘coagel’. I. Identification. Localisation dans un
diagramme de phases et détermination de la structure du ‘gel’ dans le cas du stéarate de
potassium. Acta Cryst. 20, 432–441 (1966). (b) Vincent, J.M., Skoulios, A.: ‘Gel’ et ‘coagel’.
II. Etude comparative de quelques amphiphiles Acta Cryst. 20, 441–447 (1966). (c) Vincent,
J.M., Skoulios, A.: ‘Gel’ and ‘coagel’. III. ‘Gel’ investigation in the equimolecular mixture
potassium stearate-n-octadecanol. Acta Cryst. 20, 447–451 (1966)
77. George, M., Weiss, R.G.: Molecular organogels. Soft matter comprised of low molecular-mass
organic gelators and organic liquids. Acc. Chem. Res. 39, 489–497 (2006)
78. (a) Mallia, V.A., George, M., Blair, D.L., Weiss, R.G.: Robust organogels from nitrogencontaining derivatives of (R)-12-hydroxystearic acid as gelators. Comparisons with gels from
stearic acid derivatives. Langmuir 25, 8615–8625 (2009). (b) Mallia, V.A., Terech. P., Weiss.
R.G.: Correlations of properties and structures at different length scales of hydro- and organogels based on N-alkyl-(R)-12-hydroxyoctadecylammonium chlorides. J Phys. Chem. B 115,
12401–12414 (2011). (c) Mallia, V.A., Weiss, R.G.: Self-assembled fibrillar networks and
molecular gels employing 12-hydroxystearic acid and its isomers and derivatives. J. Phys.
Org. Chem. 27, 310–315 (2014). (d) Abraham, S., Lan, Y., Lam, R.S.H., Grahame, D.A.S.,
Kim, J.J.H., Weiss, R.G., Rogers, M.A.: Influence of positional isomers on the macroscale
and nanoscale of aggregates of racemic hydroxyoctadecanoic acids in their molecular gel,
dispersion and solid states. Langmuir 28, 4955–4964 (2012). (e) Zhang, M., Selvakumar, S.,
Zhang, X., Sibi, M.P., Weiss, R.G.: Structural and solubility parameter correlations of gelation
abilities for dihydroxylated derivatives of long-chained, naturally-occurring fatty acids. Chem.
Eur. J. 21, 8530–8543 (2015)
79. (a) Pal, A., Abraham, S., Roger, M.A., Dey, J., Weiss, R.G.: Comparison of dipolar, h-bonding,
and dispersive interactions on gelation efficiency of positional isomers of keto and hydroxy
substituted octadecanoic acids. Langmuir 29, 6467–6475 (2013). (b) Zhang, M., Weiss, R.G.:
Mechano-responsive, thermo-reversible, luminescent organogels derived from a long-chained,
naturally-occurring fatty acid. Chem. Eur. J. 22, 8262–8272 (2016). (c) Zhang, M., Weiss, R.G.:
Mechano-switchable, luminescent gels derived from salts of a long-chained, fatty-acid gelator.
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 20399–20409 (2016)
80. Jones, C.D., Simmons, H.T.D., Horner, K.E., Liu, K.Q., Thompson, R.L., Steed, J.W.: Braiding,
branching and chiral amplification of nanofibres in supramolecular gels. Nat. Chem. 11, 375–
381 (2019)
81. Artin, E.: Theory of braids. Ann. Math. 48, 101–126 (1947)
82. Kageyama, Y., Ikegami, T., Hiramatsu, N., Takeda, S., Sugawara, T.: Structure and growth
behavior of centimeter-sized helical oleate assemblies formed with assistance of medium-length
carboxylic acids. Soft Matter 11, 3550–3558 (2015)
83. Boettcher, C., Schade, B., Fuhrhop, J.H.: Comparative cryo-electron microscopy of noncovalent
N-dodecanoyl- (D- and L-) serine assemblies in vitreous toluene and water. Langmuir 17,
873–877 (2001)
84. Ziserman, L., Lee, H.Y., Raghavan, Mor A., Danino, D.: Unraveling the mechanism of nanotube
formation by chiral self-assembly of amphiphiles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 2511–2517 (2011)