168
actual approaches have been changing with the recognition of unexpected results
such as environmental degradation and nutrition problems. Agricultural policies
that represent the production or supply side have been implemented apart from
nutrition policies, which are relevant to the consumption or demand side. In other
words, implementation of these policies has caused a decoupling of production and
consumption. Because agricultural policies and nutrition policies have their own
framings and because these framings are not integrated, many problems have
occurred. Livelihoods used to rely on natural resources in the past, whereas consumption of food or nutrition intake is now detached from production or supply of
food at household, regional, national, and international levels. People who used to
live in self-sufficient economies now begin to purchase necessary goods and services with money they have earned by using their own resources including their own
labor at the household level. At the same time, this transformation of the economy
at the household level is enhanced through cross-regional and international
trading.
Because of the multidimensional perspectives of poverty, enhancing market
function as a general principle of development strategies–including strategies relevant to food security–appears a rational and palatable approach. Thus, structural
strategies have been applied to reduce market failure and government failure. It
must be considered how decoupled production or supply can be combined with
consumption or demand. In this connection, people’s understanding of value that
should reflect the shadow price must be transformed. Psychological strategies of
providing proper information must be implemented with the SDGs, which are
assumed to combine selected aims and targets based on particular contexts by stakeholders such as national governments, local municipalities, private companies, and
international organizations.
References
Aleksandrowicz L, Green R, Joy EJ, Smith P, Haines A (2016) The impacts of dietary change on
greenhouse gas emissions, land use, water use, and health: a systematic review. PLoS One
11(11):e0165797
Arrow KJ (1951) An extension of the basic theorems of classical welfare economics. In:
Proceedings of the second Berkeley symposium on mathematical statistics and probability.
University of California Press, Berkeley/Los Angeles, pp 507–532
Auestad N, Fulgoni VL 3rd (2015) What current literature tells us about sustainable diets: emerging research linking dietary patterns, environmental sustainability, and economics. Adv Nutr
6(1):19–36
Balassa B (1989) Outward orientation. In: Chenery H, Srinivasan TN (eds) Handbook of development economics, vol 2(2). Elsevier, Atlanta, pp 1645–1689
Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Ezzati M, Mathers C, Rivera J for the
Maternal and Child Undernutrition Study Group (2008) Maternal and child undernutrition:
global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet 371(9608):243–260
Bommarco R, Kleijn D, Potts SG (2013) Ecological intensification: harnessing ecosystem services
for food security. Trends Ecol Evol 28(4):230–238
H. Matsuda et al.
actual approaches have been changing with the recognition of unexpected results
such as environmental degradation and nutrition problems. Agricultural policies
that represent the production or supply side have been implemented apart from
nutrition policies, which are relevant to the consumption or demand side. In other
words, implementation of these policies has caused a decoupling of production and
consumption. Because agricultural policies and nutrition policies have their own
framings and because these framings are not integrated, many problems have
occurred. Livelihoods used to rely on natural resources in the past, whereas consumption of food or nutrition intake is now detached from production or supply of
food at household, regional, national, and international levels. People who used to
live in self-sufficient economies now begin to purchase necessary goods and services with money they have earned by using their own resources including their own
labor at the household level. At the same time, this transformation of the economy
at the household level is enhanced through cross-regional and international
trading.
Because of the multidimensional perspectives of poverty, enhancing market
function as a general principle of development strategies–including strategies relevant to food security–appears a rational and palatable approach. Thus, structural
strategies have been applied to reduce market failure and government failure. It
must be considered how decoupled production or supply can be combined with
consumption or demand. In this connection, people’s understanding of value that
should reflect the shadow price must be transformed. Psychological strategies of
providing proper information must be implemented with the SDGs, which are
assumed to combine selected aims and targets based on particular contexts by stakeholders such as national governments, local municipalities, private companies, and
international organizations.
References
Aleksandrowicz L, Green R, Joy EJ, Smith P, Haines A (2016) The impacts of dietary change on
greenhouse gas emissions, land use, water use, and health: a systematic review. PLoS One
11(11):e0165797
Arrow KJ (1951) An extension of the basic theorems of classical welfare economics. In:
Proceedings of the second Berkeley symposium on mathematical statistics and probability.
University of California Press, Berkeley/Los Angeles, pp 507–532
Auestad N, Fulgoni VL 3rd (2015) What current literature tells us about sustainable diets: emerging research linking dietary patterns, environmental sustainability, and economics. Adv Nutr
6(1):19–36
Balassa B (1989) Outward orientation. In: Chenery H, Srinivasan TN (eds) Handbook of development economics, vol 2(2). Elsevier, Atlanta, pp 1645–1689
Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Ezzati M, Mathers C, Rivera J for the
Maternal and Child Undernutrition Study Group (2008) Maternal and child undernutrition:
global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet 371(9608):243–260
Bommarco R, Kleijn D, Potts SG (2013) Ecological intensification: harnessing ecosystem services
for food security. Trends Ecol Evol 28(4):230–238
H. Matsuda et al.