6
of 22 urban plans of Italian cities. The review considers both breadth (i.e., the ES
inclusion across different plan components) and depth (i.e., the quality of ES information). Chapter 3 focuses on urban climate adaptation plans, an increasingly common type of plans where ES knowledge is instrumental to inform strategies for
so-called ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) to climate change. The chapter proposes a classification of EbA measures, and reviews the extent to which they have
been included in the climate-adaptation plans of 14 European cities, and the quality
of the related information.
The bottlenecks of ES inclusion in current practice that emerged from Chaps. 2
and 3 set the basis to propose the way forward illustrated in the remaining of the
book. Particularly, Chap. 4 presents the development of an ES model that can provide information directly usable in urban planning. The chapter focuses on microclimate regulation provided by urban green infrastructure. The model developed
assesses the supply of this ES by different types of green infrastructure, relying on
data that are widely available in modern urban planning practice. The application of
the model is illustrated for the city of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Chapter 5 takes the use of ES information in urban planning a step further, by
illustrating a case study where the outcomes of ES mapping and assessment are
used to inform planning decisions. The micro-climate regulation model presented in
Chap. 4 is applied in the city of Trento (Italy), together with a model to assess the
opportunities for nature-based recreation provided by green spaces. The outcome of
both models are combined with spatial information on the potential beneficiaries of
the selected ES, and used to compare planning scenarios related to brownfield redevelopment. The case study demonstrates the importance of including information
about ES demand and beneficiaries to understand the social implications of planning decisions, particularly in terms of equity and environmental justice.
Equity implications related to ES in urban planning are the subject of Chap. 6.
This chapter identifies and discusses the key elements for analysing equity in the
distribution of ES in cities, namely ES supply, access and demand. A case study
application demonstrates how ES assessments should be designed, and their outcomes used, to pursue an equitable distribution of ES in cities through urban planning decisions. Finally, Chap. 7 draws come conclusions and formulate
recommendations for enhancing the use of ES knowledge in planning practice.
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and
reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original
author(s) and the source, a link is provided to the Creative Commons license and any changes
made are indicated.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the work’s Creative
Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if such material is not included in
the work’s Creative Commons license and the respective action is not permitted by statutory regulation, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to duplicate, adapt or reproduce
the material.
1 Introduction
of 22 urban plans of Italian cities. The review considers both breadth (i.e., the ES
inclusion across different plan components) and depth (i.e., the quality of ES information). Chapter 3 focuses on urban climate adaptation plans, an increasingly common type of plans where ES knowledge is instrumental to inform strategies for
so-called ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) to climate change. The chapter proposes a classification of EbA measures, and reviews the extent to which they have
been included in the climate-adaptation plans of 14 European cities, and the quality
of the related information.
The bottlenecks of ES inclusion in current practice that emerged from Chaps. 2
and 3 set the basis to propose the way forward illustrated in the remaining of the
book. Particularly, Chap. 4 presents the development of an ES model that can provide information directly usable in urban planning. The chapter focuses on microclimate regulation provided by urban green infrastructure. The model developed
assesses the supply of this ES by different types of green infrastructure, relying on
data that are widely available in modern urban planning practice. The application of
the model is illustrated for the city of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Chapter 5 takes the use of ES information in urban planning a step further, by
illustrating a case study where the outcomes of ES mapping and assessment are
used to inform planning decisions. The micro-climate regulation model presented in
Chap. 4 is applied in the city of Trento (Italy), together with a model to assess the
opportunities for nature-based recreation provided by green spaces. The outcome of
both models are combined with spatial information on the potential beneficiaries of
the selected ES, and used to compare planning scenarios related to brownfield redevelopment. The case study demonstrates the importance of including information
about ES demand and beneficiaries to understand the social implications of planning decisions, particularly in terms of equity and environmental justice.
Equity implications related to ES in urban planning are the subject of Chap. 6.
This chapter identifies and discusses the key elements for analysing equity in the
distribution of ES in cities, namely ES supply, access and demand. A case study
application demonstrates how ES assessments should be designed, and their outcomes used, to pursue an equitable distribution of ES in cities through urban planning decisions. Finally, Chap. 7 draws come conclusions and formulate
recommendations for enhancing the use of ES knowledge in planning practice.
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and
reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original
author(s) and the source, a link is provided to the Creative Commons license and any changes
made are indicated.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the work’s Creative
Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if such material is not included in
the work’s Creative Commons license and the respective action is not permitted by statutory regulation, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to duplicate, adapt or reproduce
the material.
1 Introduction