9
1.3.2 Scalable Solutions for Sustainable Rice-Straw
Management
1.3.2.1 Incorporation
Rice straw incorporation into soil is another common management option, but adequate time must be allowed for its decomposition to ensure effectiveness and production efficiency (Mandal et al. 2004; Yadvinder-Singh et al. 2004; Dobermann
and Fairhurst 2002). Additionally, careful straw management considerations have to
be made after soil incorporation for greenhouse gas emission (GHGE) (Sander et al.
2014). Rice straw is characterized by a slow decomposition rate; thus, some farmers
avoid rice straw soil incorporation especially in intensive cropping systems with
3 weeks interlude. In terms of total carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 -eq) per ha converted from CH 4 and N 2 O, recent researches at IRRI showed that rice straw soil
incorporation emitted about from 3500 to 4500 kg CO 2 -eq ha
−1
(Rosamanta 2017)
which is about 1.5–2.0 times higher than when rice straw was removed. In response
to this, researchers have conducted studies to evaluate using fungal inocula to speed
up the decomposition rate (Goyal and Sindhu 2011, Ngo-T-T-Truc et al. 2012). Rice
straw is chopped with combine harvesters and then sprayed with an inoculum to
foster its decomposition in the soil. This management option is discussed in more
detail in Chap. 9.
n
o
i
t
c
u
d
o
r
p
e
c
i
R
In-field
options
Burning
Mulching
Incorporation
Off-field options
Agricultural uses
Carbonization (Biochar)
Composting
Livestock
(bedding,
fodder)
Industrial uses
Building materials (fiber
board, brick, etc.)
Hi-end materials
(silica, biofiber)
Energy
Thermal (combustion,
gasification, pyrolysis)
Bio-chemical: AD,
Fermentation, etc.
Heat, electric power,
syngas
Biogas, ethanol,
hydrogen, etc.
Preprocessing
Densification
(whole bale
compaction,
briquetting and
pelletizing)
Ensilaging
Leaching
residue
Waste
field
Harvesting
Mushroom
Chopping
Drying and
storage
Collection,
handling, and
transportation
Required depending on
processing
Fig. 1.4 Rice-straw management options
1 Rice Straw Overview: Availability, Properties, and Management Practices
1.3.2 Scalable Solutions for Sustainable Rice-Straw
Management
1.3.2.1 Incorporation
Rice straw incorporation into soil is another common management option, but adequate time must be allowed for its decomposition to ensure effectiveness and production efficiency (Mandal et al. 2004; Yadvinder-Singh et al. 2004; Dobermann
and Fairhurst 2002). Additionally, careful straw management considerations have to
be made after soil incorporation for greenhouse gas emission (GHGE) (Sander et al.
2014). Rice straw is characterized by a slow decomposition rate; thus, some farmers
avoid rice straw soil incorporation especially in intensive cropping systems with
3 weeks interlude. In terms of total carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 -eq) per ha converted from CH 4 and N 2 O, recent researches at IRRI showed that rice straw soil
incorporation emitted about from 3500 to 4500 kg CO 2 -eq ha
−1
(Rosamanta 2017)
which is about 1.5–2.0 times higher than when rice straw was removed. In response
to this, researchers have conducted studies to evaluate using fungal inocula to speed
up the decomposition rate (Goyal and Sindhu 2011, Ngo-T-T-Truc et al. 2012). Rice
straw is chopped with combine harvesters and then sprayed with an inoculum to
foster its decomposition in the soil. This management option is discussed in more
detail in Chap. 9.
n
o
i
t
c
u
d
o
r
p
e
c
i
R
In-field
options
Burning
Mulching
Incorporation
Off-field options
Agricultural uses
Carbonization (Biochar)
Composting
Livestock
(bedding,
fodder)
Industrial uses
Building materials (fiber
board, brick, etc.)
Hi-end materials
(silica, biofiber)
Energy
Thermal (combustion,
gasification, pyrolysis)
Bio-chemical: AD,
Fermentation, etc.
Heat, electric power,
syngas
Biogas, ethanol,
hydrogen, etc.
Preprocessing
Densification
(whole bale
compaction,
briquetting and
pelletizing)
Ensilaging
Leaching
residue
Waste
field
Harvesting
Mushroom
Chopping
Drying and
storage
Collection,
handling, and
transportation
Required depending on
processing
Fig. 1.4 Rice-straw management options
1 Rice Straw Overview: Availability, Properties, and Management Practices