land title once. Similarly Table 8.2 shows that 117 villages were present in the
dataset for four rounds. Of these, 73 said they were within Forest Reserves all
four years; 24 said they were in Forest Reserves for only three out of the four years
and 20 said that they were within Forest Reserves for at most two out of four years.
One difficulty with this dataset is that we don’t know the location of villages.
However we do know that all the villages were meant to be within forest reserves at
least at some point so that they were included in this panel dataset. This provides
one explanation for ‘flipping’ land titles which reflects changes in titles. As forest
reserve boundaries change, it is likely that as a consequence land titles also change.
We also hypothesize that it is more likely that villages located just outside forest
reserves or along their boundaries, will witness more change in their boundaries
than those in the interior. Box 8.1 shows the frequent change in legislation that led
to changes in boundaries within these Forest Reserves. Villages that are located far
Table 8.2 Security of land title cross-referenced with frequency of presence, forest reserve
villages, Chiang Mai, 1986–1996
Number of years village is present in the
panel dataset for – > perception about
land title
a
No. of
villages 1 pt 2 pts 3 pts 4 pts 5 pts 6 pts
Never secure
413
89 29
60
78
23
134
Secure once
89
35
7
7
4
3
33
Secure twice
46
20
5
6
0
15
Secure three times
32
13
8
4
7
Secure four times
33
21
1
11
Secure five times
21
2
19
Secure six times
36
36
670
124 56
85
117
33
255
Source: Data provided by Thammasat University
a
Secure title to land implies, land can be used as collateral. These are responses from village
headmen
Table 8.3 Frequency of occurrence of forest reserve villages cross-referenced with number of
times villages are accounted for in the study dataset (1986–1996)
Number of times a village is classified to be
located within a forest reserve
Once
Two
times
Three
times
Four
times
Five
times
Six
times Total
Total number of times a village
is present in the dataset
1 124
124
2
17
39
56
3
8
16
61
85
4
1
19
24
73
117
5
4
29
33
6
91
164
255
Total no. of villages in ‘forest
reserves’
150
74
85
77
120
164
670
Source: Data provided by Thammasat University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
138
J. Puri
dataset for four rounds. Of these, 73 said they were within Forest Reserves all
four years; 24 said they were in Forest Reserves for only three out of the four years
and 20 said that they were within Forest Reserves for at most two out of four years.
One difficulty with this dataset is that we don’t know the location of villages.
However we do know that all the villages were meant to be within forest reserves at
least at some point so that they were included in this panel dataset. This provides
one explanation for ‘flipping’ land titles which reflects changes in titles. As forest
reserve boundaries change, it is likely that as a consequence land titles also change.
We also hypothesize that it is more likely that villages located just outside forest
reserves or along their boundaries, will witness more change in their boundaries
than those in the interior. Box 8.1 shows the frequent change in legislation that led
to changes in boundaries within these Forest Reserves. Villages that are located far
Table 8.2 Security of land title cross-referenced with frequency of presence, forest reserve
villages, Chiang Mai, 1986–1996
Number of years village is present in the
panel dataset for – > perception about
land title
a
No. of
villages 1 pt 2 pts 3 pts 4 pts 5 pts 6 pts
Never secure
413
89 29
60
78
23
134
Secure once
89
35
7
7
4
3
33
Secure twice
46
20
5
6
0
15
Secure three times
32
13
8
4
7
Secure four times
33
21
1
11
Secure five times
21
2
19
Secure six times
36
36
670
124 56
85
117
33
255
Source: Data provided by Thammasat University
a
Secure title to land implies, land can be used as collateral. These are responses from village
headmen
Table 8.3 Frequency of occurrence of forest reserve villages cross-referenced with number of
times villages are accounted for in the study dataset (1986–1996)
Number of times a village is classified to be
located within a forest reserve
Once
Two
times
Three
times
Four
times
Five
times
Six
times Total
Total number of times a village
is present in the dataset
1 124
124
2
17
39
56
3
8
16
61
85
4
1
19
24
73
117
5
4
29
33
6
91
164
255
Total no. of villages in ‘forest
reserves’
150
74
85
77
120
164
670
Source: Data provided by Thammasat University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
138
J. Puri