16
s
r
e
d
l
o
h
e
k
a
t
S
Marine conservation,
education, cultural
activities, tourism, etc.
(Marine Cultural Service
users)
Fishers, fish
processors,
fish retailers,
etc.
Marine
energy/resources
developers (oil,
gas, windmill, rare
materials, etc.)
Builders and
construction
companies (port,
coastline, etc.) and
shipping companies
Marine securityrelated agencies
(coast guard,
self-defense
force, police,
etc.)
Land-based
activities indirectly
relating to marine
areas via water
discharges
(Agriculture, etc.)
s
e
s
U
Industrial
uses
Daily/traditional uses
by the local people
Education research,
conservation activities
Tourism/leisure
Fisheries
Transport
Spawning
ground
Seascape
Feedin
g area
Place for
human
acƟviƟes
Marine
energy/Res
ources
Phytoplankt
on
Zooplankton
Small
crustacea/shells
Energy/resource
development
Island (raised coral reef)
and Mangrove
QuieƟng
effect
Place for
living
Industrial development
(Ocean energy, seabed
exploration, etc.)
Seascape
Plant
/animal
nursery
ground
Fish
nursery
ground
Water
movement
Lights
Coastal
Land
Offshore
Habitat for
endangered
species (manta,
sea turtle, etc.)
Place for
animal and
plants
growth
Zooxan
thella
Land/property
development
Water
discharge
Soil
discharge
Inter-Ɵdal
Habitat for
fish species
Crown-ofthorns starfish
Water
clarity
Seagrass
Seagrass
bed
FloaƟng
seaweed
Attached
algae
Reefbuilding
Corals
Sea
surface
Attached
algae
Nutrient
Spawning
ground
Feeding
area
Seascape
Nutrient
Fig. 2.2 The social-ecological systems (SES) schematic for the Sekisei lagoon. Arrows in Navy blue means ecosystem functions, light blue means food web
(prey–predator relationship), and orange means other relations
M. Makino et al.