396
C. Thorn and A. Shore
8. P.S. van Bemmelen, M.A. Mattos, W.E. Faught, M.A. Mansour, L.D. Barkmeier, K.J. Hodgson
et al., Augmentation of blood flow in limbs with occlusive arterial disease by intermittent calf
compression. J. Vasc. Surg. 19(6), 1052–1058 (1994)
9. M.R. De Carvalho, B.U. Peixoto, I.A. Silveira, B. Oliveria, A meta-analysis to compare fourlayer to short-stretch compression bandaging for venous leg ulcer healing. Ostomy Wound
Manage. 64(5), 30–37 (2018)
10. A.H. Chen, S.G. Frangos, S. Kilaru, B.E. Sumpio, Intermittent pneumatic compression devices:
physiological mechanisms of action. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 21(5), 383–392 (2001)
11. L.E. Chen, K. Liu, W.N. Qi, E. Joneschild, X. Tan, A.V. Seaber, et al., Role of nitric oxide in
vasodilation in upstream muscle during intermittent pneumatic compression. J. Appl. Physiol.
(1985). 92(2), 559–566 (2002)
12. S. Chibbaro, H. Cebula, J. Todeschi, M. Fricia, D. Vigouroux, H. Abid et al., Evolution of
prophylaxis protocols for venous thromboembolism in neurosurgery: results from a prospective comparative study on low-molecular-weight heparin, elastic stockings, and intermittent
pneumatic compression devices. World Neurosurg. 109, e510–e516 (2018)
13. J.J. Chiu, S. Chien, Effects of disturbed flow on vascular endothelium: pathophysiological basis
and clinical perspectives. Physiol. Rev. 91(1), 327–387 (2011)
14. P.S. Clifford, Skeletal muscle vasodilatation at the onset of exercise. J. Physiol. 583(Pt 3),
825–833 (2007)
15. W.C. Cole, G.R. Gordon, A.P. Braun, Cellular and ionic mechanisms of arterial vasomotion.
Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1124, 297–312 (2019)
16. A.J. Comerota, Intermittent pneumatic compression: physiologic and clinical basis to improve
management of venous leg ulcers. J. Vasc. Surg. 53(4), 1121–1129 (2011)
17. A.J. Comerota, V. Chouhan, R.N. Harada, L. Sun, J. Hosking, R. Veermansunemi, et al., The
fibrinolytic effects of intermittent pneumatic compression: mechanism of enhanced fibrinolysis.
Ann Surg. 226(3), 306–313 (1997); discussion 13–14
18. A.R. Crecelius, B.S. Kirby, G.J. Luckasen, D.G. Larson, F.A. Dinenno, Mechanisms of rapid
vasodilation after a brief contraction in human skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ.
Physiol. 305(1), H29–H40 (2013)
19. G. Dai, J.P. Gertler, R.D. Kamm, The effects of external compression on venous blood flow
and tissue deformation in the lower leg. J. Biomech. Eng. 121(6), 557–564 (1999)
20. G. Dai, O. Tsukurov, M. Chen, J.P. Gertler, R.D. Kamm, Endothelial nitric oxide production
during in vitro simulation of external limb compression. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
282(6), H2066–H2075 (2002)
21. K.T. Delis, Z.A. Azizi, R.J. Stevens, J.H. Wolfe, A.N. Nicolaides, Optimum intermittent pneumatic compression stimulus for lower-limb venous emptying. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg.
19(3), 261–269 (2000)
22. K.T. Delis, N. Labropoulos, A.N. Nicolaides, B. Glenville, G. Stansby, Effect of intermittent
pneumatic foot compression on popliteal artery haemodynamics. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg.
19(3), 270–277 (2000)
23. K.T. Delis, G. Slimani, H.M. Hafez, A.N. Nicolaides, Enhancing venous outflow in the lower
limb with intermittent pneumatic compression. A comparative haemodynamic analysis on the
effect of foot vs. calf vs. foot and calf compression. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 19(3), 250–260
(2000)
24. R.T. Eberhardt, J.D. Raffetto, Chronic venous insufficiency. Circulation 130(4), 333–346
(2014)
25. S. Eriksson, J. Nilsson, C. Sturesson, Non-invasive imaging of microcirculation: a technology
review. Med Dev. (Auckl). 7, 445–452 (2014)
26. M. Fujisawa, M. Naito, I. Asayama, T. Kambe, K. Koga, Effect of calf-thigh intermittent
pneumatic compression device after total hip arthroplasty: comparative analysis with plantar
compression on the effectiveness of reducing thrombogenesis and leg swelling. J Orthop Sci.
8(6), 807–811 (2003)
27. A.M. Gardner, R.H. Fox, The venous footpump: influence on tissue perfusion and prevention
of venous thrombosis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 51(10), 1173–1178 (1992)
C. Thorn and A. Shore
8. P.S. van Bemmelen, M.A. Mattos, W.E. Faught, M.A. Mansour, L.D. Barkmeier, K.J. Hodgson
et al., Augmentation of blood flow in limbs with occlusive arterial disease by intermittent calf
compression. J. Vasc. Surg. 19(6), 1052–1058 (1994)
9. M.R. De Carvalho, B.U. Peixoto, I.A. Silveira, B. Oliveria, A meta-analysis to compare fourlayer to short-stretch compression bandaging for venous leg ulcer healing. Ostomy Wound
Manage. 64(5), 30–37 (2018)
10. A.H. Chen, S.G. Frangos, S. Kilaru, B.E. Sumpio, Intermittent pneumatic compression devices:
physiological mechanisms of action. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 21(5), 383–392 (2001)
11. L.E. Chen, K. Liu, W.N. Qi, E. Joneschild, X. Tan, A.V. Seaber, et al., Role of nitric oxide in
vasodilation in upstream muscle during intermittent pneumatic compression. J. Appl. Physiol.
(1985). 92(2), 559–566 (2002)
12. S. Chibbaro, H. Cebula, J. Todeschi, M. Fricia, D. Vigouroux, H. Abid et al., Evolution of
prophylaxis protocols for venous thromboembolism in neurosurgery: results from a prospective comparative study on low-molecular-weight heparin, elastic stockings, and intermittent
pneumatic compression devices. World Neurosurg. 109, e510–e516 (2018)
13. J.J. Chiu, S. Chien, Effects of disturbed flow on vascular endothelium: pathophysiological basis
and clinical perspectives. Physiol. Rev. 91(1), 327–387 (2011)
14. P.S. Clifford, Skeletal muscle vasodilatation at the onset of exercise. J. Physiol. 583(Pt 3),
825–833 (2007)
15. W.C. Cole, G.R. Gordon, A.P. Braun, Cellular and ionic mechanisms of arterial vasomotion.
Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1124, 297–312 (2019)
16. A.J. Comerota, Intermittent pneumatic compression: physiologic and clinical basis to improve
management of venous leg ulcers. J. Vasc. Surg. 53(4), 1121–1129 (2011)
17. A.J. Comerota, V. Chouhan, R.N. Harada, L. Sun, J. Hosking, R. Veermansunemi, et al., The
fibrinolytic effects of intermittent pneumatic compression: mechanism of enhanced fibrinolysis.
Ann Surg. 226(3), 306–313 (1997); discussion 13–14
18. A.R. Crecelius, B.S. Kirby, G.J. Luckasen, D.G. Larson, F.A. Dinenno, Mechanisms of rapid
vasodilation after a brief contraction in human skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ.
Physiol. 305(1), H29–H40 (2013)
19. G. Dai, J.P. Gertler, R.D. Kamm, The effects of external compression on venous blood flow
and tissue deformation in the lower leg. J. Biomech. Eng. 121(6), 557–564 (1999)
20. G. Dai, O. Tsukurov, M. Chen, J.P. Gertler, R.D. Kamm, Endothelial nitric oxide production
during in vitro simulation of external limb compression. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
282(6), H2066–H2075 (2002)
21. K.T. Delis, Z.A. Azizi, R.J. Stevens, J.H. Wolfe, A.N. Nicolaides, Optimum intermittent pneumatic compression stimulus for lower-limb venous emptying. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg.
19(3), 261–269 (2000)
22. K.T. Delis, N. Labropoulos, A.N. Nicolaides, B. Glenville, G. Stansby, Effect of intermittent
pneumatic foot compression on popliteal artery haemodynamics. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg.
19(3), 270–277 (2000)
23. K.T. Delis, G. Slimani, H.M. Hafez, A.N. Nicolaides, Enhancing venous outflow in the lower
limb with intermittent pneumatic compression. A comparative haemodynamic analysis on the
effect of foot vs. calf vs. foot and calf compression. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 19(3), 250–260
(2000)
24. R.T. Eberhardt, J.D. Raffetto, Chronic venous insufficiency. Circulation 130(4), 333–346
(2014)
25. S. Eriksson, J. Nilsson, C. Sturesson, Non-invasive imaging of microcirculation: a technology
review. Med Dev. (Auckl). 7, 445–452 (2014)
26. M. Fujisawa, M. Naito, I. Asayama, T. Kambe, K. Koga, Effect of calf-thigh intermittent
pneumatic compression device after total hip arthroplasty: comparative analysis with plantar
compression on the effectiveness of reducing thrombogenesis and leg swelling. J Orthop Sci.
8(6), 807–811 (2003)
27. A.M. Gardner, R.H. Fox, The venous footpump: influence on tissue perfusion and prevention
of venous thrombosis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 51(10), 1173–1178 (1992)