288
A. V. Tankanag et al.
increase of phase coherence between respiratory-related blood flow oscillations of
left and right fingers for all breathing regimes. The maximal increase was observed
under controlled breathing at 0.25 Hz, i.e. at a frequency close to the spontaneous one.
We suggest that the observed significant increase is primarily due to an increase of
breathing depth. Spontaneous breathing depth does not exceed 15% of the maximal
chest excursion, while in the present study the depth was 40%. We suppose that under
deep breathing the role of both potential mechanisms of respiratory-related oscillation
generation (venous pressure variations and vascular tone regulation via autonomic
nervous system) enhance but this assumption requires additional investigation.
Acknowledgements The authors thank the participants for their time and commitment to the study.
The work is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant # 18-015-00292).
References
1. J. Allen, J.R. Frame, A. Murray, Microvascular blood flow and skin temperature changes in
the fingers following a deep nspiratory gasp. Physiol. Meas. 23(2), 365–373 (2002). https://
doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/23/2/312
2. A. Angelone, N.A. Coulter Jr., Respiratory sinus arrhythemia: a frequency dependent
phenomenon. J. Appl. Physiol. 19, 479–482 (1964). https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1964.19.
3.479
3. A. Bandrivskyy, A. Bernjak, P. McClintock, A. Stefanovska, Wavelet phase coherence analysis:
application to skin temperature and blood flow. Cardiovasc. Eng.: Int. J. 4(1), 89–93 (2004).
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CARE.0000025126.63253.43
4. W.M. Bayliss, On the local reactions of the arterial wall to changes of internal pressure. J.
Physiol. 28(3), 220–231 (1902). https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1902.sp000911
5. L. Bernardi, A. Radaelli, P.L. Solda, A.J. Coats, M. Reeder, A. Calciati, C.S. Garrard, P.
Sleight, Autonomic control of skin microvessels: assessment by power spectrum of photoplethysmographic waves. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 90(5), 345–355 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1042/
cs0900345
6. A. Bollinger, A. Yanar, U. Hoffmann, U.K. Franzeck, Is high-frequency flux motion due to
respiration or to vasomotion activity. Progr. Appl. Micr. 20, 52–58 (1993)
7. J.H. Costa-Silva, D.B. Zoccal, B.H. Machado, Glutamatergic antagonism in the NTS decreases
post-inspiratory drive and changes phrenic and sympathetic coupling during chemoreflex
activation. J. Neurophysiol. 103(4), 2095–2106 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00802.2009
8. F. Khan, V.A. Spence, S.B. Wilson, N.C. Abbot, Quantification of sympathetic vascular
responses in skin by laser Doppler flowmetry. Int. J. Microcirc. Clin. Exp. 10(2), 145–153
(1991)
9. G.V. Krasnikov, M.Y. Tyurina, A.V. Tankanag, G.M. Piskunova, N.K. Chemeris, Analysis of
heart rate variability and skin blood flow oscillations under deep controlled breathing. Respir.
Physiol. Neurobiol. 185(3), 562–570 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2012.11.007
10. A.I. Krupatkin, Blood flow oscillations at a frequency of about 0.1 Hz in skin microvessels
do not reflect the sympathetic regulation of their tone. Hum. Physiol. 35(2):183–191 (2009).
https://doi.org/10.1134/S036211970902008X
11. H.N. Mayrovitz, E.E. Groseclose, Inspiration-induced vascular responses in finger dorsum
skin. Microvasc. Res. 63(2), 227–232 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1006/mvre.2001.2391
12. D.J. Meredith, D. Clifton, P. Charlton, J. Brooks, C.W. Pugh, L. Tarassenko, Photoplethysmographic derivation of respiratory rate: a review of relevant physiology. J. Med. Eng. Technol.
36(1), 1–7 (2012). https://doi.org/10.3109/03091902.2011.638965
A. V. Tankanag et al.
increase of phase coherence between respiratory-related blood flow oscillations of
left and right fingers for all breathing regimes. The maximal increase was observed
under controlled breathing at 0.25 Hz, i.e. at a frequency close to the spontaneous one.
We suggest that the observed significant increase is primarily due to an increase of
breathing depth. Spontaneous breathing depth does not exceed 15% of the maximal
chest excursion, while in the present study the depth was 40%. We suppose that under
deep breathing the role of both potential mechanisms of respiratory-related oscillation
generation (venous pressure variations and vascular tone regulation via autonomic
nervous system) enhance but this assumption requires additional investigation.
Acknowledgements The authors thank the participants for their time and commitment to the study.
The work is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant # 18-015-00292).
References
1. J. Allen, J.R. Frame, A. Murray, Microvascular blood flow and skin temperature changes in
the fingers following a deep nspiratory gasp. Physiol. Meas. 23(2), 365–373 (2002). https://
doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/23/2/312
2. A. Angelone, N.A. Coulter Jr., Respiratory sinus arrhythemia: a frequency dependent
phenomenon. J. Appl. Physiol. 19, 479–482 (1964). https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1964.19.
3.479
3. A. Bandrivskyy, A. Bernjak, P. McClintock, A. Stefanovska, Wavelet phase coherence analysis:
application to skin temperature and blood flow. Cardiovasc. Eng.: Int. J. 4(1), 89–93 (2004).
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CARE.0000025126.63253.43
4. W.M. Bayliss, On the local reactions of the arterial wall to changes of internal pressure. J.
Physiol. 28(3), 220–231 (1902). https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1902.sp000911
5. L. Bernardi, A. Radaelli, P.L. Solda, A.J. Coats, M. Reeder, A. Calciati, C.S. Garrard, P.
Sleight, Autonomic control of skin microvessels: assessment by power spectrum of photoplethysmographic waves. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 90(5), 345–355 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1042/
cs0900345
6. A. Bollinger, A. Yanar, U. Hoffmann, U.K. Franzeck, Is high-frequency flux motion due to
respiration or to vasomotion activity. Progr. Appl. Micr. 20, 52–58 (1993)
7. J.H. Costa-Silva, D.B. Zoccal, B.H. Machado, Glutamatergic antagonism in the NTS decreases
post-inspiratory drive and changes phrenic and sympathetic coupling during chemoreflex
activation. J. Neurophysiol. 103(4), 2095–2106 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00802.2009
8. F. Khan, V.A. Spence, S.B. Wilson, N.C. Abbot, Quantification of sympathetic vascular
responses in skin by laser Doppler flowmetry. Int. J. Microcirc. Clin. Exp. 10(2), 145–153
(1991)
9. G.V. Krasnikov, M.Y. Tyurina, A.V. Tankanag, G.M. Piskunova, N.K. Chemeris, Analysis of
heart rate variability and skin blood flow oscillations under deep controlled breathing. Respir.
Physiol. Neurobiol. 185(3), 562–570 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2012.11.007
10. A.I. Krupatkin, Blood flow oscillations at a frequency of about 0.1 Hz in skin microvessels
do not reflect the sympathetic regulation of their tone. Hum. Physiol. 35(2):183–191 (2009).
https://doi.org/10.1134/S036211970902008X
11. H.N. Mayrovitz, E.E. Groseclose, Inspiration-induced vascular responses in finger dorsum
skin. Microvasc. Res. 63(2), 227–232 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1006/mvre.2001.2391
12. D.J. Meredith, D. Clifton, P. Charlton, J. Brooks, C.W. Pugh, L. Tarassenko, Photoplethysmographic derivation of respiratory rate: a review of relevant physiology. J. Med. Eng. Technol.
36(1), 1–7 (2012). https://doi.org/10.3109/03091902.2011.638965