de Vries W, Reinds GJ, Vel E (2003) Intensive monitoring of forest ecosystems in Europe-2:
atmospheric deposition and its impacts on soil solution chemistry. For Ecol Manag 174:97–115
Dupouey JL, Dambrine E, Laffite JD, Moares C (2002) Irreversible impact of past land use on
forest soils and biodiversity. Ecology 83:2978–2984
Foster DR, Oswald WW, Faison EK, Doughty ED, Hansen BCS (2006) A climatic driver for
abrupt mid-Holocene vegetation dynamics and the hemlock decline in New England. Ecology
87:2959–2966
Fritts HC (1976) Tree rings and climate. Academic Press, London, UK
Gazol A, Camarero JJ (2016) Functional diversity enhances silver fir growth resilience to an
extreme drought. J Ecol 104:1063–1075
Gazol A, Camarero JJ, Gutiérrez E, Popa I, Andreu-Hayles L, Motta R, Nola P, Ribas M,
Sangüesa-Barreda G, Urbinati C, Carrer M (2015) Distinct effects of climate warming on
populations of silver fir (Abies alba) across Europe. J Biogeogr 42:1150–1162
Holmes RL (1983) Computer-assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and measurement.
Tree-Ring Bull 43:69–78
Kirby KJ, Watkins C (eds) (1998) The ecological history of European forests. CABI, Wallingford,
UK
Kohler T, Wehrli A, Jurek M (eds) (2014) Mountains and climate change: a global concern.
Sustainable mountain development series. CDE-SDC, Bern, Switzerland
Linares JC, Camarero JJ (2012) From pattern to process: linking intrinsic water-use efficiency to
drought-induced forest decline. Glob Change Biol 18:1000–1015
Linares JC, Camarero JJ, Carreira JA (2009) Interacting effects of climate and forest-cover changes
on mortality and growth of the southernmost European fir forests. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 18:485–
497
Macias M, Andreu L, Bosch O, Camarero JJ, Gutiérrez E (2006) Increasing aridity is enhancing
silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) water stress in its south-western distribution limit. Clim Change
79:289–313
Manion PD (1981) Tree disease concepts. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, NJ, USA
McDowell N, Pockman WT, Allen CD, Breshears DD, Cobb N, Kolb T, Plaut J, Sperry J, West A,
Williams DG, Yepez EA (2008) Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought:
why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought? New Phytol 178:719–739
Müller EHR, Stierlin HR (1990) Sanasilva tree crown photos with percentages of foliage loss.
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Nowacki GJ, Abrams MD (1997) Radial-growth averaging criteria for reconstructing disturbance
histories from presettlement-origin oaks. Ecol Monogr 67:225–249
Oliva J, Colinas C (2007) Decline of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) stands in the Spanish Pyrenees:
role of management, historic dynamics and pathogens. For Ecol Manag 252:84–97
Pedersen BS (1999) The mortality of Midwestern overstory oaks as a bioindicator of
environmental stress. Ecol Appl 9:1017–1027
Peguero-Pina JJ, Camarero JJ, Abadía A, Martín E, González-Cascón R, Morales F, Gil-Pelegrín E
(2007) Physiological performance of silver-fir (Abies alba Mill.) populations under contrasting
climates near the south-western distribution limit of the species. Flora 202:226–236
Pinto PE, Gégout J-C, Hervé J-C, Dhôte J-F (2007) Changes in environmental controls on the
growth of Abies alba Mill. in the Vosges Mountains, north-eastern France, during the 20th
century. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 16:472–484
Reams GA, Huso MMP (1990) Stand history: an alternative explanation of red spruce radial
growth reduction. Can J For Res 20:250–253
Rolland C, Michalet R, Desplanque C, Petetin A, Aime S (1999) Ecological requirements of Abies
alba in the French Alps derived from dendro-ecological analysis. J Veg Sci 10:297–306
Sáenz J, Rodríguez-Puebla C, Fernández J, Zubillaga J (2001) Interpretation of interannual winter
temperature variations over Southwestern Europe. J Geophys Res 106:20641–20652
Sangüesa-Barreda G, Camarero JJ, Oliva J, Montes F, Gazol A (2015) Past logging, drought and
pathogens interact and contribute to forest dieback. Agric For Meteorol 208:85–94
6 The Multiple Factors Explaining Decline in Mountain Forests …
153
atmospheric deposition and its impacts on soil solution chemistry. For Ecol Manag 174:97–115
Dupouey JL, Dambrine E, Laffite JD, Moares C (2002) Irreversible impact of past land use on
forest soils and biodiversity. Ecology 83:2978–2984
Foster DR, Oswald WW, Faison EK, Doughty ED, Hansen BCS (2006) A climatic driver for
abrupt mid-Holocene vegetation dynamics and the hemlock decline in New England. Ecology
87:2959–2966
Fritts HC (1976) Tree rings and climate. Academic Press, London, UK
Gazol A, Camarero JJ (2016) Functional diversity enhances silver fir growth resilience to an
extreme drought. J Ecol 104:1063–1075
Gazol A, Camarero JJ, Gutiérrez E, Popa I, Andreu-Hayles L, Motta R, Nola P, Ribas M,
Sangüesa-Barreda G, Urbinati C, Carrer M (2015) Distinct effects of climate warming on
populations of silver fir (Abies alba) across Europe. J Biogeogr 42:1150–1162
Holmes RL (1983) Computer-assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and measurement.
Tree-Ring Bull 43:69–78
Kirby KJ, Watkins C (eds) (1998) The ecological history of European forests. CABI, Wallingford,
UK
Kohler T, Wehrli A, Jurek M (eds) (2014) Mountains and climate change: a global concern.
Sustainable mountain development series. CDE-SDC, Bern, Switzerland
Linares JC, Camarero JJ (2012) From pattern to process: linking intrinsic water-use efficiency to
drought-induced forest decline. Glob Change Biol 18:1000–1015
Linares JC, Camarero JJ, Carreira JA (2009) Interacting effects of climate and forest-cover changes
on mortality and growth of the southernmost European fir forests. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 18:485–
497
Macias M, Andreu L, Bosch O, Camarero JJ, Gutiérrez E (2006) Increasing aridity is enhancing
silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) water stress in its south-western distribution limit. Clim Change
79:289–313
Manion PD (1981) Tree disease concepts. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, NJ, USA
McDowell N, Pockman WT, Allen CD, Breshears DD, Cobb N, Kolb T, Plaut J, Sperry J, West A,
Williams DG, Yepez EA (2008) Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought:
why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought? New Phytol 178:719–739
Müller EHR, Stierlin HR (1990) Sanasilva tree crown photos with percentages of foliage loss.
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Nowacki GJ, Abrams MD (1997) Radial-growth averaging criteria for reconstructing disturbance
histories from presettlement-origin oaks. Ecol Monogr 67:225–249
Oliva J, Colinas C (2007) Decline of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) stands in the Spanish Pyrenees:
role of management, historic dynamics and pathogens. For Ecol Manag 252:84–97
Pedersen BS (1999) The mortality of Midwestern overstory oaks as a bioindicator of
environmental stress. Ecol Appl 9:1017–1027
Peguero-Pina JJ, Camarero JJ, Abadía A, Martín E, González-Cascón R, Morales F, Gil-Pelegrín E
(2007) Physiological performance of silver-fir (Abies alba Mill.) populations under contrasting
climates near the south-western distribution limit of the species. Flora 202:226–236
Pinto PE, Gégout J-C, Hervé J-C, Dhôte J-F (2007) Changes in environmental controls on the
growth of Abies alba Mill. in the Vosges Mountains, north-eastern France, during the 20th
century. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 16:472–484
Reams GA, Huso MMP (1990) Stand history: an alternative explanation of red spruce radial
growth reduction. Can J For Res 20:250–253
Rolland C, Michalet R, Desplanque C, Petetin A, Aime S (1999) Ecological requirements of Abies
alba in the French Alps derived from dendro-ecological analysis. J Veg Sci 10:297–306
Sáenz J, Rodríguez-Puebla C, Fernández J, Zubillaga J (2001) Interpretation of interannual winter
temperature variations over Southwestern Europe. J Geophys Res 106:20641–20652
Sangüesa-Barreda G, Camarero JJ, Oliva J, Montes F, Gazol A (2015) Past logging, drought and
pathogens interact and contribute to forest dieback. Agric For Meteorol 208:85–94
6 The Multiple Factors Explaining Decline in Mountain Forests …
153