Foreword
In October 2018, as the last epiphany of a long-standing tradition, the 7th
International School “Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation”, most commonly
known as “Mittelwihr School of Magnetism”, gathered more than 100 young (and
older) scientists from the whole Europe as well as from the USA and Japan. For the
first time of this long series, one of the organizers of the very first Mittelwihr
schools, the recently departed Eric Beaurepaire was not attending the school and, in
many occasions, lectures were given with a very special attention to Eric’s
pioneering work. This textbook is dedicated to Eric and can be regarded as a tribute
to his scientific achievements.
This version of the “Mittelwihr School” was not much different from the previous ones so that the Lecture Notes contain most of the expected, basic ingredients.
It starts with an introduction to the physics of modern X-ray sources (Chap. 1)
coupled to a profound deep presentation of light/matter interaction in the X-ray
range (Chap. 3) with a complete overview of all different types of angular
dependence for X-ray absorption spectroscopy (Chap. 4). A broad and general
introduction to magnetism (Chap. 2) is followed by an involved description of
spintronics (Chap. 5) and physics of superconductivity (Chap. 6) with emphasis
brought to how spintronics or superconductivity can be understood thanks to X-ray
spectroscopies and X-ray scattering.
The 7th International School “Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation” took
place in a context where many storage rings were either upgraded or looking
forward to be upgraded. For most X-ray beamlines on third-generation storage
rings, the vertical emittance of the electron beam was close to the diffraction limit
imposed by the X-ray wavelength, i.e. k=4p. Not much could be gained in this
direction. On the contrary, for most 3rd generation storage rings, the horizontal
emittance was much larger than the diffraction limit. At SOLEIL, the horizontal
emittance of the electrons was 4000 pm rad so that it was more than one order of
magnitude larger than the diffraction limit for X-rays with energy larger than 250
eV. At ESRF, a similar situation existed. Reducing the horizontal emittance was
then regarded as a target to follow in order to increase the brilliance and this was
first obtained at MAX-IV by replacing the “long” dipole bending magnets by a
vii
In October 2018, as the last epiphany of a long-standing tradition, the 7th
International School “Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation”, most commonly
known as “Mittelwihr School of Magnetism”, gathered more than 100 young (and
older) scientists from the whole Europe as well as from the USA and Japan. For the
first time of this long series, one of the organizers of the very first Mittelwihr
schools, the recently departed Eric Beaurepaire was not attending the school and, in
many occasions, lectures were given with a very special attention to Eric’s
pioneering work. This textbook is dedicated to Eric and can be regarded as a tribute
to his scientific achievements.
This version of the “Mittelwihr School” was not much different from the previous ones so that the Lecture Notes contain most of the expected, basic ingredients.
It starts with an introduction to the physics of modern X-ray sources (Chap. 1)
coupled to a profound deep presentation of light/matter interaction in the X-ray
range (Chap. 3) with a complete overview of all different types of angular
dependence for X-ray absorption spectroscopy (Chap. 4). A broad and general
introduction to magnetism (Chap. 2) is followed by an involved description of
spintronics (Chap. 5) and physics of superconductivity (Chap. 6) with emphasis
brought to how spintronics or superconductivity can be understood thanks to X-ray
spectroscopies and X-ray scattering.
The 7th International School “Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation” took
place in a context where many storage rings were either upgraded or looking
forward to be upgraded. For most X-ray beamlines on third-generation storage
rings, the vertical emittance of the electron beam was close to the diffraction limit
imposed by the X-ray wavelength, i.e. k=4p. Not much could be gained in this
direction. On the contrary, for most 3rd generation storage rings, the horizontal
emittance was much larger than the diffraction limit. At SOLEIL, the horizontal
emittance of the electrons was 4000 pm rad so that it was more than one order of
magnitude larger than the diffraction limit for X-rays with energy larger than 250
eV. At ESRF, a similar situation existed. Reducing the horizontal emittance was
then regarded as a target to follow in order to increase the brilliance and this was
first obtained at MAX-IV by replacing the “long” dipole bending magnets by a
vii