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R. Mattana et al.
55. A. Fert, V. Cros, J. Sampaio, Skyrmions on the track. Nat. Nanotechnol. 8, 152 (2013). https://
doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2013.29
56. R. Ramaswamy, J.M. Lee, K. Cai, H. Yang, Recent advances in spin-orbit torques: moving
towards device applications. Appl. Phys. Rev. 5, 031107 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.
5041793
57. M. Baumgartner, K. Garello, J. Mendil, C.O. Avci, E. Grimaldi, C. Murer, J. Feng, M. Gabureac,
C. Stamm, Y. Acremann, S. Finizio, S. Wintz, J. Raabe, P. Gambardella, Spatially and timeresolved magnetization dynamics driven by spin-orbit torques. Nat. Nanotechnol. 12, 980
(2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2017.151
58. J.-Y. Chauleau, W. Legrand, N. Reyren, D. Maccariello, S. Collin, H. Popescu, K. Bouzehouane,
V. Cros, N. Jaouen, A. Fert, Chirality in magnetic multilayers probed by the symmetry and the
amplitude of dichroism in X-ray resonant magnetic scattering. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 037202
(2018). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.037202
59. T. Taniuchi, M. Oshima, H. Akinaga, K. Ono, Vortex-chirality control in mesoscopic disk
magnets observed by photoelectron emission microscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 97, 10J904 (2005).
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1862032
60. C. Moreau-Luchaire, C. Moutafis, N. Reyren, J. Sampaio, C.A.F. Vaz, N. Van Horne, K. Bouzehouane, K. Garcia, C. Deranlot, P. Warnicke, P. Wohlhüter, J.-M. George, M. Weigand, J. Raabe,
V. Cros, A. Fert, Additive interfacial chiral interaction in multilayers for stabilization of small
individual skyrmions at room temperature. Nat. Nanotechnol. 11, 444 (2016). https://doi.org/
10.1038/nnano.2015.313
61. O. Boulle, J. Vogel, H. Yang, S. Pizzini, D. de Souza Chaves, A. Locatelli, T.O. Mentes, A. Sala,
L.D. Buda-Prejbeanu, O. Klein, M. Belmeguenai, Y. Roussigné, A. Stashkevich, S.M. Chérif,
L. Aballe, M. Foerster, M. Chshiev, S. Auffret, I.M. Miron, G. Gaudin, Room-temperature
chiral magnetic skyrmions in ultrathin magnetic nanostructures. Nat. Nanotechnol. 11, 449
(2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.315
62. X. Cheng, D. Keavney, Studies of nanomagnetism using synchrotron-based X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (X-PEEM). Rep. Prog. Phys. 75, 026501 (2012). https://doi.org/10.
1088/0034-4885/75/2/026501
63. V. Uhlíˇ r, S. Pizzini, N. Rougemaille, J. Novotný, V. Cros, E. Jiménez, G. Faini, L. Heyne,
F. Sirotti, C. Tieg, A. Bendounan, F. Maccherozzi, R. Belkhou, J. Grollier, A. Anane, J.
Vogel, Current-induced motion and pinning of domain walls in spin-valve nanowires studied by XMCD-PEEM. Phys. Rev. B 81, 224418 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.81.
224418
64. M.J. Grzybowski, P. Wadley, K.W. Edmonds, R. Beardsley, V. Hills, R.P. Campion, B.L. Gallagher, J.S. Chauhan, V. Novak, T. Jungwirth, F. Maccherozzi, S.S. Dhesi, Imaging currentinduced switching of antiferromagnetic domains in CuMnAs. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 057701
(2017). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.057701
65. C. Donnelly, M. Guizar-Sicairos, V. Scagnoli, S. Gliga, M. Holler, J. Raabe, L.J. Heyderman, Three-dimensional magnetization structures revealed with X-ray vector nanotomography.
Nature 547, 328 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23006