394
follow-up). At 2-year follow-up individuals living nearer the intervention versus
those living further away did report significant increases in walking and cycling
(effect of 15.3 min per week per km closer to the intervention after adjustments
for baseline variables). Proximity was also associated with a comparable increase
in total physical activity (effect of 12.5 min per week per km closer to the intervention). Further analyses showed that the intervention did not produce reductions in CO 2 emissions (Brand et al. 2014).
Three studies showed no significant impact for the provision of new trails/greenways on usage or physical activity. Evenson et al. (2005) found no significant effect
for usage and physical activity on a new 2.8-mile (approx. 4.5-km) multiuse trail in
the USA. Burbidge and Goulias (2009) found no significant effects for the construction of a multiuse trail designed for both active transport and recreational use. A
study by West and Shores (2011) found no significant effect on physical activity
Table 17.2 (continued)
Reference
Study design Population
Intervention
Outcome
Clark et al.
(2014)
Southern
Nevada, USA
Quasiexperiment:
controlled,
pre-post
design
Trails were in
lower SES
neighbourhoods
6 intervention trails:
after a marketing
campaign promoting
PA and trail use
(2012), signage was
added/altered
including: distance
markings, wayfinding signs, trail
maps, trail names,
and icons for
acceptable uses
+ve: Sig. increases
for both control and
intervention,
pre–post for trail
usage per day; 31%
increase for the
control trails and
35% for the
intervention trails
(p < 0.01); non-sig.
difference between
the intervention and
control group
(p = 0.32)
Brand et al.
(2014),
Sahlqvist et al.
(2013), Bird
et al. (2014),
Goodman et al.
(2014)
Cardiff,
Kenilworth and
Southampton,
United
Kingdom
Quasiexperimental,
longitudinal
design
Adults living
within 5 km by
road of the core
Connect2
projects
Building or
improvement of
walking and cycling
routes across the
United Kingdom
including a
traffic-free bridge
over Cardiff Bay; a
traffic-free bridge
over a busy trunk
road; an informal
riverside footpath
turned into a
boardwalk
+ve: Proximity to
Connect2 associated
with greater use of
Connect2; 32%
reported using
Connect2 at 1 year
and 38% at 2 years.;
at 2 years, those
nearer the
intervention sig.
increased walking
and cycling (15.3
mins/week/km) and
total PA (12.5 mins/
week/km)
MVPA Moderate-vigorous physical activity, PA physical activity, US United States, +ve positive
intervention effect, −ve no intervention effect
R. F. Hunter et al.
follow-up). At 2-year follow-up individuals living nearer the intervention versus
those living further away did report significant increases in walking and cycling
(effect of 15.3 min per week per km closer to the intervention after adjustments
for baseline variables). Proximity was also associated with a comparable increase
in total physical activity (effect of 12.5 min per week per km closer to the intervention). Further analyses showed that the intervention did not produce reductions in CO 2 emissions (Brand et al. 2014).
Three studies showed no significant impact for the provision of new trails/greenways on usage or physical activity. Evenson et al. (2005) found no significant effect
for usage and physical activity on a new 2.8-mile (approx. 4.5-km) multiuse trail in
the USA. Burbidge and Goulias (2009) found no significant effects for the construction of a multiuse trail designed for both active transport and recreational use. A
study by West and Shores (2011) found no significant effect on physical activity
Table 17.2 (continued)
Reference
Study design Population
Intervention
Outcome
Clark et al.
(2014)
Southern
Nevada, USA
Quasiexperiment:
controlled,
pre-post
design
Trails were in
lower SES
neighbourhoods
6 intervention trails:
after a marketing
campaign promoting
PA and trail use
(2012), signage was
added/altered
including: distance
markings, wayfinding signs, trail
maps, trail names,
and icons for
acceptable uses
+ve: Sig. increases
for both control and
intervention,
pre–post for trail
usage per day; 31%
increase for the
control trails and
35% for the
intervention trails
(p < 0.01); non-sig.
difference between
the intervention and
control group
(p = 0.32)
Brand et al.
(2014),
Sahlqvist et al.
(2013), Bird
et al. (2014),
Goodman et al.
(2014)
Cardiff,
Kenilworth and
Southampton,
United
Kingdom
Quasiexperimental,
longitudinal
design
Adults living
within 5 km by
road of the core
Connect2
projects
Building or
improvement of
walking and cycling
routes across the
United Kingdom
including a
traffic-free bridge
over Cardiff Bay; a
traffic-free bridge
over a busy trunk
road; an informal
riverside footpath
turned into a
boardwalk
+ve: Proximity to
Connect2 associated
with greater use of
Connect2; 32%
reported using
Connect2 at 1 year
and 38% at 2 years.;
at 2 years, those
nearer the
intervention sig.
increased walking
and cycling (15.3
mins/week/km) and
total PA (12.5 mins/
week/km)
MVPA Moderate-vigorous physical activity, PA physical activity, US United States, +ve positive
intervention effect, −ve no intervention effect
R. F. Hunter et al.