Tailoring the Surface Functionalities of Titania …
533
respectively. The developed Zr-TNT is supposed to be a good implant material in
bio environment with biocompatibility, improved corrosion resistance and is likely
to be widening the biomedical application of titanium implants with new surface
properties in the nanoscale regime.
Strontium ranelate, is widely used clinically for the treatment of osteoporosis
due to the biological importance of strontium. Administration of a suitable dose
of strontium can promote bone formation and inhibit bone resorption, leading to
enhance bone mass [105]. Indira et al. [106] also reported the fabrication of Sr–
TNTA on titanium substrate by a simple dip-coating method on anodic TNTA. The
FE-SEM micrographs and EDS spectra of the specimens are shown in Fig. 15a–h.
Nanotubes arrays (Fig. 15c) with an average diameter and wall thickness of 110 ±
4 nm and 15 ± 2 nm, respectively were observed after the anodization of titanium.
After deposition, the walls of the tube were covered with Sr ions. Also, some clusters
of Sr ions were scattered over the top of TNTA surface. The TNTA (Fig. 15g) retained
the unique nanotubular morphology even after the incorporation of Sr ions, however,
a small decrease in the diameter during the transformation of TNTA to Sr-TNTA,
was noticed, which may probably due to volume expansion during the conversion of
titanium oxide to strontium titanate.
Orthopaedic implant failure has been a major concern for orthopaedic surgeons
over the past decades. Poor osseointegration together with bacterial infection is one
of the major reasons for implant failure. Hence titanium implants having enhanced
osseointegration and antibacterial property to prevent implant-associated infection
are highly desirable for the long term success of implants. To address this problem,
zinc incorporated titania nanotube arrays (Zn-TNTA) were developed on titanium
surface to enhance the biocompatibility and also to ensure antibacterial properties
[59, 107]. Here in this study the incorporation of Zn into TNTA was achieved by
simple dip-coating method. Different concentrations of zinc solution (0.25, 0.5, 1.0
and 1.5 M Zn(OH) 2 solution) were prepared to study the nature of deposition of zinc
into the nanotubes. The samples were designated as NT-Zn (0.25 M), NT-Zn(0.5 M),
NT-Zn(1.0 M) and NT-Zn(1.5 M) respectively. Our observations reveal that uniform
deposition of zinc into the nanotubes can be achieved by dip-coating method. The
dipping and lifting of the TNTA specimens enable the zinc hydroxide solution to
penetrate into and between the nanotubes and get uniformly deposited along the
entire length of the nanotubes.
Figure 16a–d represents the HR-SEM images of NT-Zn (0.25 M), NT-Zn (0.5 M),
NT-Zn (1.0 M) and NT-Zn (1.5 M) specimens. As apparent from the SEM images,
NT-Zn (0.25 M), NT-Zn (0.5 M), NT-Zn (1.0 M) and NT-Zn (1.5 M) exhibit quite
different morphologies. As can be seen in Fig. 16a, for NT-Zn (0.25) M specimen,
the filling of zinc initiates at the pores and randomly deposited at the surface of
the nanotubes. At 0.5 M (Fig. 16b), concentration, a homogenous distribution of
zinc oxide at the tube walls and intertubular spaces were obtained. The nanotube
structures were not masked due to the filling of zinc oxide. However, the diameter of
the nanotubes decreases after the incorporation of zinc oxide. At 1.0 M concentration
(Fig. 16c), ZnO deposited on the TNTA surface appeared in the form of flakes and
started to mask the nanotubes. The formation of typical ZnO “nanoflowers” was
533
respectively. The developed Zr-TNT is supposed to be a good implant material in
bio environment with biocompatibility, improved corrosion resistance and is likely
to be widening the biomedical application of titanium implants with new surface
properties in the nanoscale regime.
Strontium ranelate, is widely used clinically for the treatment of osteoporosis
due to the biological importance of strontium. Administration of a suitable dose
of strontium can promote bone formation and inhibit bone resorption, leading to
enhance bone mass [105]. Indira et al. [106] also reported the fabrication of Sr–
TNTA on titanium substrate by a simple dip-coating method on anodic TNTA. The
FE-SEM micrographs and EDS spectra of the specimens are shown in Fig. 15a–h.
Nanotubes arrays (Fig. 15c) with an average diameter and wall thickness of 110 ±
4 nm and 15 ± 2 nm, respectively were observed after the anodization of titanium.
After deposition, the walls of the tube were covered with Sr ions. Also, some clusters
of Sr ions were scattered over the top of TNTA surface. The TNTA (Fig. 15g) retained
the unique nanotubular morphology even after the incorporation of Sr ions, however,
a small decrease in the diameter during the transformation of TNTA to Sr-TNTA,
was noticed, which may probably due to volume expansion during the conversion of
titanium oxide to strontium titanate.
Orthopaedic implant failure has been a major concern for orthopaedic surgeons
over the past decades. Poor osseointegration together with bacterial infection is one
of the major reasons for implant failure. Hence titanium implants having enhanced
osseointegration and antibacterial property to prevent implant-associated infection
are highly desirable for the long term success of implants. To address this problem,
zinc incorporated titania nanotube arrays (Zn-TNTA) were developed on titanium
surface to enhance the biocompatibility and also to ensure antibacterial properties
[59, 107]. Here in this study the incorporation of Zn into TNTA was achieved by
simple dip-coating method. Different concentrations of zinc solution (0.25, 0.5, 1.0
and 1.5 M Zn(OH) 2 solution) were prepared to study the nature of deposition of zinc
into the nanotubes. The samples were designated as NT-Zn (0.25 M), NT-Zn(0.5 M),
NT-Zn(1.0 M) and NT-Zn(1.5 M) respectively. Our observations reveal that uniform
deposition of zinc into the nanotubes can be achieved by dip-coating method. The
dipping and lifting of the TNTA specimens enable the zinc hydroxide solution to
penetrate into and between the nanotubes and get uniformly deposited along the
entire length of the nanotubes.
Figure 16a–d represents the HR-SEM images of NT-Zn (0.25 M), NT-Zn (0.5 M),
NT-Zn (1.0 M) and NT-Zn (1.5 M) specimens. As apparent from the SEM images,
NT-Zn (0.25 M), NT-Zn (0.5 M), NT-Zn (1.0 M) and NT-Zn (1.5 M) exhibit quite
different morphologies. As can be seen in Fig. 16a, for NT-Zn (0.25) M specimen,
the filling of zinc initiates at the pores and randomly deposited at the surface of
the nanotubes. At 0.5 M (Fig. 16b), concentration, a homogenous distribution of
zinc oxide at the tube walls and intertubular spaces were obtained. The nanotube
structures were not masked due to the filling of zinc oxide. However, the diameter of
the nanotubes decreases after the incorporation of zinc oxide. At 1.0 M concentration
(Fig. 16c), ZnO deposited on the TNTA surface appeared in the form of flakes and
started to mask the nanotubes. The formation of typical ZnO “nanoflowers” was