506
T. Balusamy et al.
LPEB irradiation could induce tensile residual stress and the beneficial influence
of compressive residual stress imparted by SMAT in improving the fatigue strength
will be nullified. The transformation of austenite to strain-induced α’-martensite
during SMAT could pose difficulties in stainless steel implants during MRI imaging
due to magnetic properties. Adopting a suitable post-annealing treatment to achieve
phase reversal without losing the beneficial influences of SMAT can be explored.
Many duplex and hybrid treatment approaches are explored using SMAT as a pretreatment. The utility of SMAT as a post-treatment to improve the surface finish
of selective laser melted 316L stainless steel has already been shown to achieve a
96% reduction in surface roughness. A hybrid treatment approach involving SMAT
as a pre-treatment for anodizing of Ti has enabled the formation of TiO 2 nanotubes
with higher length and larger diameter. A proper choice of the process parameters
employed for SMAT and the experimental conditions for anodizing would open up
a new pathway to develop TiO 2 nanotubes for drug delivery applications. The difficulty in treating complex-shaped implants by SMAT poses another challenge, which
warrants an improvement in design. Much remains to be explored on SMAT and quest
for the development of implant materials with desired characteristics continues.
Bibliography
1. Lu K, Lu J (1999) Surface nanocrystallization (SNC) of metallic. Materials presentation of the
concept behind a new approach. J Mater Sci Technol 15(3):193–197
2. Zhang H, Hei Z, Liu G, Lu J, Lu K (2003) Formation of nanostructured surface layer on AISI 304
stainless steel by means of surface mechanical attrition treatment. Acta Mater 51(7):1871–1881
3. Lu K, Lu J (2004) Nanostructured surface layer on metallic materials induced by surface
mechanical attrition treatment. Mater Sci Eng, A 375–377:38–45
4. Tao NR, Lu J, Lu K (2008) Surface nanocrystallization by surface mechanical attrition
treatment. Mater Sci Forum 579:91–108
5. Azadmanjiri J, Berndt CC, Kapoor A, Wen C (2015) Development of surface nanocrystallization in alloys by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). Crit Rev Solid
State Mater Sci 40(3):164–181
6. Dai K, Shaw L (2007) Comparison between shot peening and surface nanocrystallization and
hardening processes. Mater Sci Eng, A 463(1–2):46–53
7. Jelliti S, Richard C, Retraint D, Roland T, Chemkhi M, Demangel C (2013) Effect of surface
nanocrystallization on the corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4 V titanium alloy. Surf Coat Technol
224:82–87
8. Gallitelli D, Retraint D, Rouhaud E (2014) Comparison between conventional shot peening
(SP) and surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) on a titanium alloy. Adv Mat Res
996:964–968
9. Balusamy T, Kumar S, Sankara Narayanan TSN (2010) Effect of surface nanocrystallization
on the corrosion behaviour of AISI 409 stainless steel. Corros Sci 52(11):3826–3834
10. Balusamy T, Sankara Narayanan TSN, Ravichandran K, Lee MH, Nishimura T (2015) A facile
method to modify the characteristics and corrosion behavior of 304 stainless steel by surface
nanostructuring toward biomedical applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(32):17731–
17747
11. Hu T, Wen CS, Sun GY, Wu SL, Chu CL, Wu ZW, Li GY, Lu J, Yeung KWK, Chu PK (2010)
Wear resistance of NiTi alloy after surface mechanical attrition treatment. Surf Coat Technol
205(2):506–510
T. Balusamy et al.
LPEB irradiation could induce tensile residual stress and the beneficial influence
of compressive residual stress imparted by SMAT in improving the fatigue strength
will be nullified. The transformation of austenite to strain-induced α’-martensite
during SMAT could pose difficulties in stainless steel implants during MRI imaging
due to magnetic properties. Adopting a suitable post-annealing treatment to achieve
phase reversal without losing the beneficial influences of SMAT can be explored.
Many duplex and hybrid treatment approaches are explored using SMAT as a pretreatment. The utility of SMAT as a post-treatment to improve the surface finish
of selective laser melted 316L stainless steel has already been shown to achieve a
96% reduction in surface roughness. A hybrid treatment approach involving SMAT
as a pre-treatment for anodizing of Ti has enabled the formation of TiO 2 nanotubes
with higher length and larger diameter. A proper choice of the process parameters
employed for SMAT and the experimental conditions for anodizing would open up
a new pathway to develop TiO 2 nanotubes for drug delivery applications. The difficulty in treating complex-shaped implants by SMAT poses another challenge, which
warrants an improvement in design. Much remains to be explored on SMAT and quest
for the development of implant materials with desired characteristics continues.
Bibliography
1. Lu K, Lu J (1999) Surface nanocrystallization (SNC) of metallic. Materials presentation of the
concept behind a new approach. J Mater Sci Technol 15(3):193–197
2. Zhang H, Hei Z, Liu G, Lu J, Lu K (2003) Formation of nanostructured surface layer on AISI 304
stainless steel by means of surface mechanical attrition treatment. Acta Mater 51(7):1871–1881
3. Lu K, Lu J (2004) Nanostructured surface layer on metallic materials induced by surface
mechanical attrition treatment. Mater Sci Eng, A 375–377:38–45
4. Tao NR, Lu J, Lu K (2008) Surface nanocrystallization by surface mechanical attrition
treatment. Mater Sci Forum 579:91–108
5. Azadmanjiri J, Berndt CC, Kapoor A, Wen C (2015) Development of surface nanocrystallization in alloys by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). Crit Rev Solid
State Mater Sci 40(3):164–181
6. Dai K, Shaw L (2007) Comparison between shot peening and surface nanocrystallization and
hardening processes. Mater Sci Eng, A 463(1–2):46–53
7. Jelliti S, Richard C, Retraint D, Roland T, Chemkhi M, Demangel C (2013) Effect of surface
nanocrystallization on the corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4 V titanium alloy. Surf Coat Technol
224:82–87
8. Gallitelli D, Retraint D, Rouhaud E (2014) Comparison between conventional shot peening
(SP) and surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) on a titanium alloy. Adv Mat Res
996:964–968
9. Balusamy T, Kumar S, Sankara Narayanan TSN (2010) Effect of surface nanocrystallization
on the corrosion behaviour of AISI 409 stainless steel. Corros Sci 52(11):3826–3834
10. Balusamy T, Sankara Narayanan TSN, Ravichandran K, Lee MH, Nishimura T (2015) A facile
method to modify the characteristics and corrosion behavior of 304 stainless steel by surface
nanostructuring toward biomedical applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(32):17731–
17747
11. Hu T, Wen CS, Sun GY, Wu SL, Chu CL, Wu ZW, Li GY, Lu J, Yeung KWK, Chu PK (2010)
Wear resistance of NiTi alloy after surface mechanical attrition treatment. Surf Coat Technol
205(2):506–510