Nanomaterials for Medical Imaging …
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Fig. 9 GNCs with and without cysteine capped with enhanced performance in-vivo. Similarly,
lysozyme capped GNCs with positive contrast compared to non-injected particles. Adapted from
reference [88, 89]
Hounsfield units (HU) is linear and, at specifically around 160 mM concentration,
showed 450 HU. GNCs is efficient in gene therapy for RGD targeted intracellular
delivery of matrix metalloproteins-9 plasmid sh-RNA. Post-treatment efficacy of the
tumor was imaged using GNCs acquired via CT. Though few kinds of literature are
mentioned here, there is immense opportunity to explore more about the GNCs for
imaging (CT and optical) and therapeutic (Radiotherapy and photothermal therapy)
applications.
6.5 Bismuth
Similar to Gold, Bismuth is another promising material for pre-clinical research,
which is less expensive, posses large X-ray attenuation properties, and highly
biocompatible for the use in medical imaging [94]. In general, several forms
of Bismuth such as metallic Bismuth (Bi), Bismuth Sulphide (Bi 2 S 3 ), Bismuth
Oxide (Bi 2 O 3 ), in combination with other elements like Bismuth-Carbon, Bismuth
Tungstate, Bismuth selenide are used for several biological applications (see Fig. 10)
[95, 96]. In 2014, Cormode group reported ultra-high payload of metallic Bi nanoparticles coated with glucose and used as intravascular X-ray contrast agents. These
synthesized bismuth nanoparticles were eventually decomposed to Bismuth ions
and excreted through the renal route in a controlled fashion [97]. Wang et al. developed one step pH assisted BSA capped biocompatible Bismuth and Bi 2 S 3 NPs for
351
Fig. 9 GNCs with and without cysteine capped with enhanced performance in-vivo. Similarly,
lysozyme capped GNCs with positive contrast compared to non-injected particles. Adapted from
reference [88, 89]
Hounsfield units (HU) is linear and, at specifically around 160 mM concentration,
showed 450 HU. GNCs is efficient in gene therapy for RGD targeted intracellular
delivery of matrix metalloproteins-9 plasmid sh-RNA. Post-treatment efficacy of the
tumor was imaged using GNCs acquired via CT. Though few kinds of literature are
mentioned here, there is immense opportunity to explore more about the GNCs for
imaging (CT and optical) and therapeutic (Radiotherapy and photothermal therapy)
applications.
6.5 Bismuth
Similar to Gold, Bismuth is another promising material for pre-clinical research,
which is less expensive, posses large X-ray attenuation properties, and highly
biocompatible for the use in medical imaging [94]. In general, several forms
of Bismuth such as metallic Bismuth (Bi), Bismuth Sulphide (Bi 2 S 3 ), Bismuth
Oxide (Bi 2 O 3 ), in combination with other elements like Bismuth-Carbon, Bismuth
Tungstate, Bismuth selenide are used for several biological applications (see Fig. 10)
[95, 96]. In 2014, Cormode group reported ultra-high payload of metallic Bi nanoparticles coated with glucose and used as intravascular X-ray contrast agents. These
synthesized bismuth nanoparticles were eventually decomposed to Bismuth ions
and excreted through the renal route in a controlled fashion [97]. Wang et al. developed one step pH assisted BSA capped biocompatible Bismuth and Bi 2 S 3 NPs for