276
A. S. Shinde et al.
in tissue regeneration by providing a commendatory environment for cell growth
and differentiation. Also, amino acids used for peptide nanostructures help them to
retain maximum biodegradability, and biocompatibility and lastly, sequences can be
tailor-made as required for peculiar target sites. Peptide nanomaterials, when used for
wound treatments, it is free from graft rejection and do not show any immunogenic
activity [105].
16 Polymeric Nanoparticles
Polymers are a long chain of organic molecules in nanostructures used in the development of surgical tools, vascular grafts, implantable devices, and medical device
coatings. These are of low cost and easy to manufacture with the required flexibility
for its use in several types of dressing materials. During the synthesis of polymers,
its functional properties can be altered and modified as per the specific requirements
of the biological applications. These synthetic polymers are utilized for the preparations of scaffolds, physiological barriers, surgical sutures, and vascular grafts. As
compared to the biological scaffolds, these are inexpensive with longer shelf-life.
In some studies, polyurethanes (PU) have been indirectly found to enhance cellular
proliferation by effective stimulation of angiogenesis and re-epithelization in the
wounds of rats [106].
Polymeric hydrogels have shown positive effects in boosting tissue repair. In the
initial phase of healing, the hydrogel scaffolds help to stimulate the infiltration of
inflammatory cells and successive stages of healing it facilitates the requirement
of angiogenic cells, thus resulting in the progression of delayed healing. Further,
the addition of growth factors or cytokines to the polymers helps to facilitate the
formation of new blood vessels, neovascularization, and enhanced microenvironment
around the area of wound [107]. These compositions are effective in treating both
normal as well as delayed infectious wounds. In some illustrations, the cross-linked
polymer linkages might swell in an aqueous environment from its original state. This
reveals the remarkable role of polymers contributing to the supplementing healing
of the wound.
Gelatin is used in the fabrication of biocompatible and biodegradable materials
for wound dressing. Powell and Boyce demonstrated skin repairs with the use of
gelatin scaffolds, mainly dependent on its porosity and inter-fiber distance [108].
Bilgic et al. showed the topical application of gelatin scaffolds to the rat wounds
resulting in enhanced wound closure and healing [109]. Fibrin is polymerized from
fibrinogen in the presence of the enzyme thrombin, possessing properties that include
an increase in immunological response, reduction of inflammation and cell adhesion
which is widely used in wound healing and tissue engineering [110].
Hydrogels are soft that retain water easily, thus preventing tissue dehydration and
hence used in bandage preparations and dressing of acute/chronic wounds, burns,
and diabetic foot ulcers. On the other hand, superior mechanical support is provided
by the scaffolds along with the delivery of the growth factors at the targeted sites;
A. S. Shinde et al.
in tissue regeneration by providing a commendatory environment for cell growth
and differentiation. Also, amino acids used for peptide nanostructures help them to
retain maximum biodegradability, and biocompatibility and lastly, sequences can be
tailor-made as required for peculiar target sites. Peptide nanomaterials, when used for
wound treatments, it is free from graft rejection and do not show any immunogenic
activity [105].
16 Polymeric Nanoparticles
Polymers are a long chain of organic molecules in nanostructures used in the development of surgical tools, vascular grafts, implantable devices, and medical device
coatings. These are of low cost and easy to manufacture with the required flexibility
for its use in several types of dressing materials. During the synthesis of polymers,
its functional properties can be altered and modified as per the specific requirements
of the biological applications. These synthetic polymers are utilized for the preparations of scaffolds, physiological barriers, surgical sutures, and vascular grafts. As
compared to the biological scaffolds, these are inexpensive with longer shelf-life.
In some studies, polyurethanes (PU) have been indirectly found to enhance cellular
proliferation by effective stimulation of angiogenesis and re-epithelization in the
wounds of rats [106].
Polymeric hydrogels have shown positive effects in boosting tissue repair. In the
initial phase of healing, the hydrogel scaffolds help to stimulate the infiltration of
inflammatory cells and successive stages of healing it facilitates the requirement
of angiogenic cells, thus resulting in the progression of delayed healing. Further,
the addition of growth factors or cytokines to the polymers helps to facilitate the
formation of new blood vessels, neovascularization, and enhanced microenvironment
around the area of wound [107]. These compositions are effective in treating both
normal as well as delayed infectious wounds. In some illustrations, the cross-linked
polymer linkages might swell in an aqueous environment from its original state. This
reveals the remarkable role of polymers contributing to the supplementing healing
of the wound.
Gelatin is used in the fabrication of biocompatible and biodegradable materials
for wound dressing. Powell and Boyce demonstrated skin repairs with the use of
gelatin scaffolds, mainly dependent on its porosity and inter-fiber distance [108].
Bilgic et al. showed the topical application of gelatin scaffolds to the rat wounds
resulting in enhanced wound closure and healing [109]. Fibrin is polymerized from
fibrinogen in the presence of the enzyme thrombin, possessing properties that include
an increase in immunological response, reduction of inflammation and cell adhesion
which is widely used in wound healing and tissue engineering [110].
Hydrogels are soft that retain water easily, thus preventing tissue dehydration and
hence used in bandage preparations and dressing of acute/chronic wounds, burns,
and diabetic foot ulcers. On the other hand, superior mechanical support is provided
by the scaffolds along with the delivery of the growth factors at the targeted sites;