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A. S. Shinde et al.
capabilities of the monocytes/macrophages and to increase the biopersistence of the
drugs in the lungs [60].
Abraxane, co-condensed with albumin and paclitaxel when conjugated with Lyp1, which aims for actively targeting the cancer cells. Lyp-1 is known to be a
cell-penetrating peptide. The following conjugate has been tested on MDA-MB435 human cancer xenograft in mice. Abraxane-Lyp-1 conjugate showed enhanced
drug delivery to the tumor with efficient tumor growth inhibition as compared with
non-targeted NPs [61].
Also, in recent times many researchers have been reporting to achieve great
success in the green synthesis of metal NPs using plant extracts against in vitro
cancer cell treatments [62]. Elephantopus scaber L. hydro-methanolic extract mediated AgNPs showed good anti-proliferative activity with GI 50 < 10 μg/ml against
MCF-7, A-579, and SCC-40 malignant cell lines. Synergistic activity with standard Adriamycin was found to have better results on the cancer cell lines [63].
Another technique for the biosynthesis of AuNP was developed and studied for
cancer treatment [64].
The majority of cancer nanodrugs are mainly based on liposomes and polymer
nanoformulations, which help to lower the toxicity and enhances chemotherapeutic
delivery via passive targeting. Nanoparticles consisting of receptor-based active
targeting has also become a potential optimal delivery strategy. These nano vehicles are being used in early tumor diagnostics, therapy, and post-therapeutic followups. Synergistic therapies and approaches can be used to increase the precision and
accuracy of drug delivery for potent personalized treatment.
10 Nanotechnology for Brain Drug Delivery
The BBB prevents the transit of most circulating cells and molecules. The structure
of BBB is organized by complex systems of pericytes, astroglia, endothelial cells,
and perivascular mast cells. The nanodevices used as drug delivery systems should
be between 1 and 100 nm, which works as a whole unit for transportation across
BBB [65]. These delivery systems enhance the permeability of molecules across
BBB and, at the same time, may also assist in the targeting ability of drug in the
brain. This phenomenon depends entirely on the biomimetic features of the carrier
and its physicochemical properties. The chemical composition of the drug inside
the nanoparticles is the least of all concerns when it comes to cross BBB. The nanocarriers for drug delivery, which are unable to cross BBB, can be provided with stealth
coating using some polymeric materials to avoid the reticuloendothelial system. This
would help with longer circulation time, stability in blood, and functionalized to cross
BBB successfully and target the brain.
The nanoplexes of AuRds-DARPP-32 siRNA have been synthesized to target and
diminish the key protein expression (DARPP-32), protein phosphatase 1 (PP-1) and
extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the case of the dopaminergic signaling
pathway for an ailment of drug addiction in the brain [66].
A. S. Shinde et al.
capabilities of the monocytes/macrophages and to increase the biopersistence of the
drugs in the lungs [60].
Abraxane, co-condensed with albumin and paclitaxel when conjugated with Lyp1, which aims for actively targeting the cancer cells. Lyp-1 is known to be a
cell-penetrating peptide. The following conjugate has been tested on MDA-MB435 human cancer xenograft in mice. Abraxane-Lyp-1 conjugate showed enhanced
drug delivery to the tumor with efficient tumor growth inhibition as compared with
non-targeted NPs [61].
Also, in recent times many researchers have been reporting to achieve great
success in the green synthesis of metal NPs using plant extracts against in vitro
cancer cell treatments [62]. Elephantopus scaber L. hydro-methanolic extract mediated AgNPs showed good anti-proliferative activity with GI 50 < 10 μg/ml against
MCF-7, A-579, and SCC-40 malignant cell lines. Synergistic activity with standard Adriamycin was found to have better results on the cancer cell lines [63].
Another technique for the biosynthesis of AuNP was developed and studied for
cancer treatment [64].
The majority of cancer nanodrugs are mainly based on liposomes and polymer
nanoformulations, which help to lower the toxicity and enhances chemotherapeutic
delivery via passive targeting. Nanoparticles consisting of receptor-based active
targeting has also become a potential optimal delivery strategy. These nano vehicles are being used in early tumor diagnostics, therapy, and post-therapeutic followups. Synergistic therapies and approaches can be used to increase the precision and
accuracy of drug delivery for potent personalized treatment.
10 Nanotechnology for Brain Drug Delivery
The BBB prevents the transit of most circulating cells and molecules. The structure
of BBB is organized by complex systems of pericytes, astroglia, endothelial cells,
and perivascular mast cells. The nanodevices used as drug delivery systems should
be between 1 and 100 nm, which works as a whole unit for transportation across
BBB [65]. These delivery systems enhance the permeability of molecules across
BBB and, at the same time, may also assist in the targeting ability of drug in the
brain. This phenomenon depends entirely on the biomimetic features of the carrier
and its physicochemical properties. The chemical composition of the drug inside
the nanoparticles is the least of all concerns when it comes to cross BBB. The nanocarriers for drug delivery, which are unable to cross BBB, can be provided with stealth
coating using some polymeric materials to avoid the reticuloendothelial system. This
would help with longer circulation time, stability in blood, and functionalized to cross
BBB successfully and target the brain.
The nanoplexes of AuRds-DARPP-32 siRNA have been synthesized to target and
diminish the key protein expression (DARPP-32), protein phosphatase 1 (PP-1) and
extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the case of the dopaminergic signaling
pathway for an ailment of drug addiction in the brain [66].