146
S. A. Pauline
it does not crack or delaminate. The glass coating is highly bioactive with silica
content of less than 60% [78]. It has been reported that 130 nm silica nanoparticles
functionalized by amino group and silver nanoparticles aided the growth of human
BMSCs [79].
The bioactivity of nanoceramics leads to the crystallization of hydroxyapatite
(HAp) on the implant surface. HAp is similar to the bone tissue and this further
facilitates the production of proteins and cell adhesion leading to a strong bond
between the bone and implant. The third-generation bioceramics is based on its
ability to activate genes that stimulate the regeneration of bone tissues. These can
regenerate the bone tissue instead of acting as their substitutes [80, 81].
Silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) nano bio-ceramic exhibited less in vitro bacterial affinity
than Ti. The ionic dissolution products contain Sr, Mg and Si ions and they increase
the stimulatory effect for alkaline phosphatase activity. Increased bioactivity, no toxicity and reduced biofilm formation indicate that it can be applied as spinal fusion
cages [82]. Magnesium based bioceramics are gaining a lot of attention owing to its
ability to regulate ion channels, activate enzymes and stimulate cell growth and proliferation. Mg oxides, phosphates and silicates are employed in orthopaedic applications
in the form of scaffolds, bone cements and also as implant coatings [83].
Nanostructured surfaces have been shown to elicit positive response from host,
reduce inflammation and aid in faster bone-implant interface establishment [84,
85]. Growth factors, bioactive molecules, drugs, etc., can be loaded on to these
nanoceramic coatings [86]. Ultrathin mesoporous TiO 2 coating was developed by
evaporation-induced self-assembly method. Drugs like ibuprofen and vancomycin
were loaded onto the pores in the coating. The coating exhibited excellent HAp
growth and osteoblast adhesion indicating bioactivity while simultaneously eluting
drugs from the coating. Thus, the coating exhibited improved therapeutic behavior
for applications such as orthopaedic implants and drug delivery [87]. Recently,
nanostructured composite materials have been developed in the form of coatings.
Nanocomposites combine biodegradable or nonbiodegradable polymers or other
compounds with nanoceramics to realize mechanical strength, effective biomineralization, and osseointegration [88]. Chitosan-bioactive glass nanocomposites with
different concentrations of bioactive glass were developed over Ti-6Al-4 V by electrophoretic deposition method. Increasing the bioactive glass concentration leads to
improvement in adhesion strength, roughness, wettability and also apatite growth.
Good cell attachment and negligible cytotoxicity were observed during in vitro evaluation with osteoblast like MG 63 cell line confirming improved cellular performance of the nanocomposite coating [89]. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene based
nanocomposite coating with different concentrations of fluoro HAp nanoparticles)
was developed on Ti-Nb0Zr alloy by an electrochemical deposition method. The
uniformly distributed FHA nanoparticles lead to an increase in hardness and surface
wettability. The coatings exhibited higher corrosion protection and increased cell
adsorption and proliferation of MG 63 cells [90]. Silver particles are coated along
with nano-titania on orthopaedic implants surface to prevent post-operative problems
and infections [91].
S. A. Pauline
it does not crack or delaminate. The glass coating is highly bioactive with silica
content of less than 60% [78]. It has been reported that 130 nm silica nanoparticles
functionalized by amino group and silver nanoparticles aided the growth of human
BMSCs [79].
The bioactivity of nanoceramics leads to the crystallization of hydroxyapatite
(HAp) on the implant surface. HAp is similar to the bone tissue and this further
facilitates the production of proteins and cell adhesion leading to a strong bond
between the bone and implant. The third-generation bioceramics is based on its
ability to activate genes that stimulate the regeneration of bone tissues. These can
regenerate the bone tissue instead of acting as their substitutes [80, 81].
Silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) nano bio-ceramic exhibited less in vitro bacterial affinity
than Ti. The ionic dissolution products contain Sr, Mg and Si ions and they increase
the stimulatory effect for alkaline phosphatase activity. Increased bioactivity, no toxicity and reduced biofilm formation indicate that it can be applied as spinal fusion
cages [82]. Magnesium based bioceramics are gaining a lot of attention owing to its
ability to regulate ion channels, activate enzymes and stimulate cell growth and proliferation. Mg oxides, phosphates and silicates are employed in orthopaedic applications
in the form of scaffolds, bone cements and also as implant coatings [83].
Nanostructured surfaces have been shown to elicit positive response from host,
reduce inflammation and aid in faster bone-implant interface establishment [84,
85]. Growth factors, bioactive molecules, drugs, etc., can be loaded on to these
nanoceramic coatings [86]. Ultrathin mesoporous TiO 2 coating was developed by
evaporation-induced self-assembly method. Drugs like ibuprofen and vancomycin
were loaded onto the pores in the coating. The coating exhibited excellent HAp
growth and osteoblast adhesion indicating bioactivity while simultaneously eluting
drugs from the coating. Thus, the coating exhibited improved therapeutic behavior
for applications such as orthopaedic implants and drug delivery [87]. Recently,
nanostructured composite materials have been developed in the form of coatings.
Nanocomposites combine biodegradable or nonbiodegradable polymers or other
compounds with nanoceramics to realize mechanical strength, effective biomineralization, and osseointegration [88]. Chitosan-bioactive glass nanocomposites with
different concentrations of bioactive glass were developed over Ti-6Al-4 V by electrophoretic deposition method. Increasing the bioactive glass concentration leads to
improvement in adhesion strength, roughness, wettability and also apatite growth.
Good cell attachment and negligible cytotoxicity were observed during in vitro evaluation with osteoblast like MG 63 cell line confirming improved cellular performance of the nanocomposite coating [89]. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene based
nanocomposite coating with different concentrations of fluoro HAp nanoparticles)
was developed on Ti-Nb0Zr alloy by an electrochemical deposition method. The
uniformly distributed FHA nanoparticles lead to an increase in hardness and surface
wettability. The coatings exhibited higher corrosion protection and increased cell
adsorption and proliferation of MG 63 cells [90]. Silver particles are coated along
with nano-titania on orthopaedic implants surface to prevent post-operative problems
and infections [91].