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89. Minagar S, Berndt CC, Gengenbach T, Wen C (2014) Fabrication and characterization of
TiO 2 –ZrO 2 –ZrTiO 4 nanotubes on TiZr alloy manufactured via anodization. J Mater Chem B
2:71–83. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3TB21204A
90. Bakir M (2012) Haemocompatibility of titanium and its alloys. J Biomater Appl 27:3–15.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0885328212439615
91. Puckett SD, Taylor E, Raimondo T, Webster TJ (2010) The relationship between the nanostructure of titanium surfaces and bacterial attachment. Biomaterials 31:706–713. https://doi.
org/10.1016/J.BIOMATERIALS.2009.09.081
92. Park J, Bauer S, von der Mark K, Schmuki P (2007) Nanosize and vitality: TiO2 nanotube
diameter directs cell fate. https://doi.org/10.1021/NL070678D
93. Bauer S, Park J, Faltenbacher J et al (2009) Size selective behavior of mesenchymal stem cells
on ZrO2 and TiO2 nanotube arrays. Integr Biol 1:525. https://doi.org/10.1039/b908196h
94. Brammer KS, Oh S, Frandsen CJ, Jin S (2011) Biomaterials and biotechnology schemes
utilizing TiO2 nanotube arrays. In: Biomaterials science and engineering. InTech, pp 193–210
95. Lucchini J-P, Aurelle J-L, Therin M et al (1996) A pilot study comparing screw-shaped
implants: Surface analysis and histologic evaluation of bone healing. Clin Oral Implants Res
7:397–404. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0501.1996.070414.x
96. Gongadze E, Kabaso D, Bauer S et al (2011) Adhesion of osteoblasts to a nanorough titanium
implant surface. Int J Nanomedicine 6:1801–1816. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S21755
97. Gongadze E, Kabaso D, Bauer S et al (2013) Adhesion of osteoblasts to a vertically aligned
TiO2 nanotube surface. Mini Rev Med Chem 13:194–200. https://doi.org/10.2174/138955
713804805166
98. Zhao G, Schwartz Z, Wieland M et al (2005) High surface energy enhances cell response to
titanium substrate microstructure. J Biomed Mater Res, Part A 74A:49–58. https://doi.org/
10.1002/jbm.a.30320
99. Bauer S, Park J, Pittrof A et al (2011) Covalent functionalization of TiO2 nanotube arrays
with EGF and BMP-2 for modified behavior towards mesenchymal stem cells. Integr Biol
3:927. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0ib00155d
100. Lai M, Cai K, Zhao L et al (2011) Surface functionalization of TiO 2 nanotubes with bone
morphogenetic protein 2 and its synergistic effect on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem
cells. Biomacromol 12:1097–1105. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm1014365
101. Park J, Bauer S, Pittrof A et al (2012) Synergistic control of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation by nanoscale surface geometry and immobilized growth factors on TiO2 nanotubes.
Small 8:98–107. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201100790
102. Ercan B, Taylor E, Alpaslan E, Webster TJ (2011) Diameter of titanium nanotubes influences anti-bacterial efficacy. Nanotechnology 22:295102. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/
22/29/295102
103. Huo K, Zhang X, Wang H et al (2013) Osteogenic activity and antibacterial effects on titanium
surfaces modified with Zn-incorporated nanotube arrays. Biomaterials 34:3467–3478. https://
doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOMATERIALS.2013.01.071
104. Kummer KM, Taylor EN, Durmas NG et al (2013) Effects of different sterilization techniques
and varying anodized TiO 2 nanotube dimensions on bacteria growth. J Biomed Mater Res
Part B Appl Biomater 101B:677–688. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.32870
105. Zhao L, Wang H, Huo K et al (2011) Antibacterial nano-structured titania coating incorporated with silver nanoparticles. Biomaterials 32:5706–5716. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIO
MATERIALS.2011.04.040
106. Grigorescu S, Ungureanu C, Kirchgeorg R et al (2013) Various sized nanotubes on TiZr for
antibacterial surfaces. Appl Surf Sci 270:190–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APSUSC.2012.
12.165
107. Shrestha NK, Macak JM, Schmidt-Stein F et al (2009) Magnetically guided titania nanotubes
for site-selective photocatalysis and drug release. Angew Chemie Int Ed 48:969–972. https://
doi.org/10.1002/anie.200804429
129
88. Kim W-G, Choe H-C, Ko Y-M, Brantley WA (2009) Nanotube morphology changes for Ti–Zr
alloys as Zr content increases. Thin Solid Films 517:5033–5037. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.
TSF.2009.03.165
89. Minagar S, Berndt CC, Gengenbach T, Wen C (2014) Fabrication and characterization of
TiO 2 –ZrO 2 –ZrTiO 4 nanotubes on TiZr alloy manufactured via anodization. J Mater Chem B
2:71–83. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3TB21204A
90. Bakir M (2012) Haemocompatibility of titanium and its alloys. J Biomater Appl 27:3–15.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0885328212439615
91. Puckett SD, Taylor E, Raimondo T, Webster TJ (2010) The relationship between the nanostructure of titanium surfaces and bacterial attachment. Biomaterials 31:706–713. https://doi.
org/10.1016/J.BIOMATERIALS.2009.09.081
92. Park J, Bauer S, von der Mark K, Schmuki P (2007) Nanosize and vitality: TiO2 nanotube
diameter directs cell fate. https://doi.org/10.1021/NL070678D
93. Bauer S, Park J, Faltenbacher J et al (2009) Size selective behavior of mesenchymal stem cells
on ZrO2 and TiO2 nanotube arrays. Integr Biol 1:525. https://doi.org/10.1039/b908196h
94. Brammer KS, Oh S, Frandsen CJ, Jin S (2011) Biomaterials and biotechnology schemes
utilizing TiO2 nanotube arrays. In: Biomaterials science and engineering. InTech, pp 193–210
95. Lucchini J-P, Aurelle J-L, Therin M et al (1996) A pilot study comparing screw-shaped
implants: Surface analysis and histologic evaluation of bone healing. Clin Oral Implants Res
7:397–404. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0501.1996.070414.x
96. Gongadze E, Kabaso D, Bauer S et al (2011) Adhesion of osteoblasts to a nanorough titanium
implant surface. Int J Nanomedicine 6:1801–1816. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S21755
97. Gongadze E, Kabaso D, Bauer S et al (2013) Adhesion of osteoblasts to a vertically aligned
TiO2 nanotube surface. Mini Rev Med Chem 13:194–200. https://doi.org/10.2174/138955
713804805166
98. Zhao G, Schwartz Z, Wieland M et al (2005) High surface energy enhances cell response to
titanium substrate microstructure. J Biomed Mater Res, Part A 74A:49–58. https://doi.org/
10.1002/jbm.a.30320
99. Bauer S, Park J, Pittrof A et al (2011) Covalent functionalization of TiO2 nanotube arrays
with EGF and BMP-2 for modified behavior towards mesenchymal stem cells. Integr Biol
3:927. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0ib00155d
100. Lai M, Cai K, Zhao L et al (2011) Surface functionalization of TiO 2 nanotubes with bone
morphogenetic protein 2 and its synergistic effect on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem
cells. Biomacromol 12:1097–1105. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm1014365
101. Park J, Bauer S, Pittrof A et al (2012) Synergistic control of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation by nanoscale surface geometry and immobilized growth factors on TiO2 nanotubes.
Small 8:98–107. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201100790
102. Ercan B, Taylor E, Alpaslan E, Webster TJ (2011) Diameter of titanium nanotubes influences anti-bacterial efficacy. Nanotechnology 22:295102. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/
22/29/295102
103. Huo K, Zhang X, Wang H et al (2013) Osteogenic activity and antibacterial effects on titanium
surfaces modified with Zn-incorporated nanotube arrays. Biomaterials 34:3467–3478. https://
doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOMATERIALS.2013.01.071
104. Kummer KM, Taylor EN, Durmas NG et al (2013) Effects of different sterilization techniques
and varying anodized TiO 2 nanotube dimensions on bacteria growth. J Biomed Mater Res
Part B Appl Biomater 101B:677–688. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.32870
105. Zhao L, Wang H, Huo K et al (2011) Antibacterial nano-structured titania coating incorporated with silver nanoparticles. Biomaterials 32:5706–5716. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIO
MATERIALS.2011.04.040
106. Grigorescu S, Ungureanu C, Kirchgeorg R et al (2013) Various sized nanotubes on TiZr for
antibacterial surfaces. Appl Surf Sci 270:190–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APSUSC.2012.
12.165
107. Shrestha NK, Macak JM, Schmidt-Stein F et al (2009) Magnetically guided titania nanotubes
for site-selective photocatalysis and drug release. Angew Chemie Int Ed 48:969–972. https://
doi.org/10.1002/anie.200804429