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P. Hameed et al.
2.3 Nanofibers Based Sensor for Myocardial Infarction
Nanofibers have been highly touted for cardiac tissue repair as they guide cardiomyocytes’ alignment [46]. Nanofibers assist in orienting cells, providing milieu, and
controlling cell to cell interaction, making it ideal for multi-layered implantable
patches than scaffolds [45]. Polymer/biopolymer-based nanofibers [41–48] and
nanoparticle embedded in nanofibers [49, 50] have been used successfully as electrodes for various type of sensors such as biosensor [47], chemical sensor [51, 52],
gas sensor [48], etc. Researchers in the past have measured the level of cardiac
marker Troponin -I to detect Myocardial Infarction (MI) [53]. Troponin-I is a specific
and sensitive biomarker for myocardial damage. The level of Troponin in a healthy
person varies from 0.5–2 ng/ml, but in a patient suffering from MI, it increases to 20–
550 ng/ml [54]. For accurate detection of troponin and rapid results, researchers like
Periyakaruppan et al. [55] devised a label-free immunosensor for early diagnosis
of MI using carbon nanofiber as electrode arrays. The immunosensor measured,
Troponin I level as low as ∼ 0.2 ng/mL, which was 25 times more sensitive than
conventional methods. On the similar ground, Kumar et al. devised a multiplexed
immunosensor using carbon nanofiber (CNF) as electrode arrays to detect cardiac
markers in real-time [56, 57]. In this sensor, apart from Troponin-I, C-reactive protein
and myoglobin were also covalently bound to carbon nanofiber surface, and the
device demonstrated a sensitivity of ∼ 0.2 ng/mL, alike to Periyakaruppan et al.’s.
Rezaei et al. further advanced the idea by making a sandwich-type immunosensor
made up of carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotube-with whiskered nanofibers
to measure Troponin level demonstrating an incomparable detection limit of ~
0.04 ng/ml [54].
2.4 Nanofibers in Aneurysms
In 2014, Gonzalez et al. discovered that by growing silver nanofibers on the surface
of the blood vessel, the shear stress experienced by blood vessels could be distributed
to prevent the rupture of aneurysms. With silver nanofiber in place, the deformation
force reduced up to 5 times. Metallic fillers in polymeric nanofibers can be used
as a substitute for conventional endovascular coiling of platinum wire to prevent
extravasation of blood in hemorrhage site [58]. Kim et al. fabricated platinum-coated
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers as a substitute for endovascular coiling using
platinum wire to fill the Aneurysmal cavity [59]. Metal embedded nanofibers can
reduce the operational risk and cost of conventional endovascular coiling. For repair
of carotid artery aneurysms, Wang et al. evaluated the potential of a biodegradable
stent covered with PLA and PCL nanofibers in canines. Though the in-stent stenosis
rate in the study was high, more than 87% successful occlusion of the aneurysm was
achieved; indicating biodegradable stent coated nanofibers can be a viable attempt
for stable aneurysm occlusion [60]. In 2018, Liu et al. developed a biodegradable,
P. Hameed et al.
2.3 Nanofibers Based Sensor for Myocardial Infarction
Nanofibers have been highly touted for cardiac tissue repair as they guide cardiomyocytes’ alignment [46]. Nanofibers assist in orienting cells, providing milieu, and
controlling cell to cell interaction, making it ideal for multi-layered implantable
patches than scaffolds [45]. Polymer/biopolymer-based nanofibers [41–48] and
nanoparticle embedded in nanofibers [49, 50] have been used successfully as electrodes for various type of sensors such as biosensor [47], chemical sensor [51, 52],
gas sensor [48], etc. Researchers in the past have measured the level of cardiac
marker Troponin -I to detect Myocardial Infarction (MI) [53]. Troponin-I is a specific
and sensitive biomarker for myocardial damage. The level of Troponin in a healthy
person varies from 0.5–2 ng/ml, but in a patient suffering from MI, it increases to 20–
550 ng/ml [54]. For accurate detection of troponin and rapid results, researchers like
Periyakaruppan et al. [55] devised a label-free immunosensor for early diagnosis
of MI using carbon nanofiber as electrode arrays. The immunosensor measured,
Troponin I level as low as ∼ 0.2 ng/mL, which was 25 times more sensitive than
conventional methods. On the similar ground, Kumar et al. devised a multiplexed
immunosensor using carbon nanofiber (CNF) as electrode arrays to detect cardiac
markers in real-time [56, 57]. In this sensor, apart from Troponin-I, C-reactive protein
and myoglobin were also covalently bound to carbon nanofiber surface, and the
device demonstrated a sensitivity of ∼ 0.2 ng/mL, alike to Periyakaruppan et al.’s.
Rezaei et al. further advanced the idea by making a sandwich-type immunosensor
made up of carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotube-with whiskered nanofibers
to measure Troponin level demonstrating an incomparable detection limit of ~
0.04 ng/ml [54].
2.4 Nanofibers in Aneurysms
In 2014, Gonzalez et al. discovered that by growing silver nanofibers on the surface
of the blood vessel, the shear stress experienced by blood vessels could be distributed
to prevent the rupture of aneurysms. With silver nanofiber in place, the deformation
force reduced up to 5 times. Metallic fillers in polymeric nanofibers can be used
as a substitute for conventional endovascular coiling of platinum wire to prevent
extravasation of blood in hemorrhage site [58]. Kim et al. fabricated platinum-coated
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers as a substitute for endovascular coiling using
platinum wire to fill the Aneurysmal cavity [59]. Metal embedded nanofibers can
reduce the operational risk and cost of conventional endovascular coiling. For repair
of carotid artery aneurysms, Wang et al. evaluated the potential of a biodegradable
stent covered with PLA and PCL nanofibers in canines. Though the in-stent stenosis
rate in the study was high, more than 87% successful occlusion of the aneurysm was
achieved; indicating biodegradable stent coated nanofibers can be a viable attempt
for stable aneurysm occlusion [60]. In 2018, Liu et al. developed a biodegradable,