EEA, while in the EMEP/EEA (2009a, b) guidebook, NFR (Nomenclature for
Reporting) classification developed under the Convention on Long-range
Transboundary Air Pollution is used. This classification is completed by the list
NAPFUE (Nomenclature for Air Pollution of FUEls), which allows to take into
account all kinds of fuels used in the emission processes. For specific national,
regional or local circumstances or needs, activities may be detailed based on more
resolved categories. To help this work with the SNAP classification, EMEP/EEA
(2009a, b) proposes a methodology to identify the major pollutants involved from
all anthropogenic and natural emission processes. This handbook of default emission factors is especially useful in case of lack of specific knowledge of the processes used in the investigation area.
Spatialized Emissions Inventories (SEIs), Scenarios and Projections
Emission inventories are usually spatialized on a regular grid: the result is called
spatialized emission inventory (SEI). The resulting SEI is used as input in the AQ
part of an IAM to simulate the STATE, and is generally used as basis to simulate
emission scenarios and projections.
Emission scenarios could be produced in several ways (EMEP/EEA 2009a, b)
depending of the objectives of the studies:
• By modifying the activity index or data, as described in DRIVERS section.
• By modifying the emission factors of the emission generation processes. This
includes new technologies or technological improvement, industrial processes,
changes in fuel types or characteristics, energy saving (in terms of efficiency),
composition of the vehicle fleet, etc.
The level of detail of the scenario is highly dependent on the level of classification of the sources and the data available for each category: in other words, the
emission scenarios may be very simple and derived from the application of an
emission reduction rate directly on the SEI; or they may be the results of
assumptions on the future projections of the activities and the emission factors.
Future emission factors should reflect technological advances, environmental regulations, deterioration in operating conditions and any expected changes in fuel
formulations.
Functionality
The functionality of the PRESSURES box of an IAM aims at producing emission
data or/and emission projections. The PRESSURES can be estimated through three
different levels of complexity, depending on their further uses and the available data:
– LEVEL 1: emissions are estimated for rough sectors on a coarse grid (spatialization), using a top-down methodology. Uncertainties are not necessarily
estimated. This level does not allow to perform detailed emissions projections.
– LEVEL 2: a combination of bottom-up and top-down methodology is used to
calculate the emissions with the SNAP—NAPFUE classifications. Emissions
factors and activity data representative of the area of study are used when
available. Uncertainties are not necessarily estimated.
22
N. Blond et al.
Reporting) classification developed under the Convention on Long-range
Transboundary Air Pollution is used. This classification is completed by the list
NAPFUE (Nomenclature for Air Pollution of FUEls), which allows to take into
account all kinds of fuels used in the emission processes. For specific national,
regional or local circumstances or needs, activities may be detailed based on more
resolved categories. To help this work with the SNAP classification, EMEP/EEA
(2009a, b) proposes a methodology to identify the major pollutants involved from
all anthropogenic and natural emission processes. This handbook of default emission factors is especially useful in case of lack of specific knowledge of the processes used in the investigation area.
Spatialized Emissions Inventories (SEIs), Scenarios and Projections
Emission inventories are usually spatialized on a regular grid: the result is called
spatialized emission inventory (SEI). The resulting SEI is used as input in the AQ
part of an IAM to simulate the STATE, and is generally used as basis to simulate
emission scenarios and projections.
Emission scenarios could be produced in several ways (EMEP/EEA 2009a, b)
depending of the objectives of the studies:
• By modifying the activity index or data, as described in DRIVERS section.
• By modifying the emission factors of the emission generation processes. This
includes new technologies or technological improvement, industrial processes,
changes in fuel types or characteristics, energy saving (in terms of efficiency),
composition of the vehicle fleet, etc.
The level of detail of the scenario is highly dependent on the level of classification of the sources and the data available for each category: in other words, the
emission scenarios may be very simple and derived from the application of an
emission reduction rate directly on the SEI; or they may be the results of
assumptions on the future projections of the activities and the emission factors.
Future emission factors should reflect technological advances, environmental regulations, deterioration in operating conditions and any expected changes in fuel
formulations.
Functionality
The functionality of the PRESSURES box of an IAM aims at producing emission
data or/and emission projections. The PRESSURES can be estimated through three
different levels of complexity, depending on their further uses and the available data:
– LEVEL 1: emissions are estimated for rough sectors on a coarse grid (spatialization), using a top-down methodology. Uncertainties are not necessarily
estimated. This level does not allow to perform detailed emissions projections.
– LEVEL 2: a combination of bottom-up and top-down methodology is used to
calculate the emissions with the SNAP—NAPFUE classifications. Emissions
factors and activity data representative of the area of study are used when
available. Uncertainties are not necessarily estimated.
22
N. Blond et al.