235
© The Author(s) 2019
T. S. Rosenstock et al. (eds.), The Climate-Smart Agriculture Papers,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92798-5_20
Chapter 20
Climate-Smart Agricultural Value Chains:
Risks and Perspectives
Caroline Mwongera, Andreea Nowak, An M. O. Notenbaert, Sebastian Grey,
Jamleck Osiemo, Ivy Kinyua, Miguel Lizarazo, and Evan Girvetz
20.1 Introduction
Because of climate change, millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa are coping
with rising temperatures (IPCC 2007; Jentsch et al. 2007; Engelbrecht et al. 2015)
increases in the severity and frequency of droughts and (Jentsch et al. 2007; Allen
et al. 2010; Ogalleh et al. 2012; Zhao and Dai 2015) floods (Mason et al. 1999; Frich
et al. 2002; Douglas et al. 2008), rising pest and disease incidence, (Cheke and
Tratalos 2007; Gregory et al. 2009) and soil degradation (Prospero and Lamb 2003;
Brevik 2013). Some regions, such as southern Africa, will likely get drier during the
winter season, while others (particularly at higher altitudes) may benefit as increased
temperatures create new farming options (Christensen, J. H. et al. (2007)). Yields
are likely to decrease substantially for cereal crops sensitive to heat and drought
(wheat, maize, rice) but less so for crops with higher heat tolerance (such as millet)
(Nelson et al. 2009; Leclerc et al. 2014). Overall, agricultural productivity and
incomes have declined for smallholder farmers, pastoralists and fishermen, and are
likely to decline further (FAO 2009; Gregory et al. 2009; Thulani and Phiri 2013;
Junaidu et al. 2017).
Food security poses a growing challenge for much of the continent. To help people
adapt to changing conditions, governments, the private sector and development partners
C. Mwongera (*) · A. M. Notenbaert · S. Grey · J. Osiemo · I. Kinyua · E. Girvetz
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Nairobi, Kenya
e-mail: c.mwongera@cgiar.org; a.notenbaert@cgiar.org; S.Grey@cgiar.org; J.Osiemo@cgiar.
org; I.Kinyua@cgiar.org; e.girvetz@cgiar.org
A. Nowak
World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
e-mail: a.nowak@cgiar.org
M. Lizarazo
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
e-mail: m.lizarazo@cgiar.org
© The Author(s) 2019
T. S. Rosenstock et al. (eds.), The Climate-Smart Agriculture Papers,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92798-5_20
Chapter 20
Climate-Smart Agricultural Value Chains:
Risks and Perspectives
Caroline Mwongera, Andreea Nowak, An M. O. Notenbaert, Sebastian Grey,
Jamleck Osiemo, Ivy Kinyua, Miguel Lizarazo, and Evan Girvetz
20.1 Introduction
Because of climate change, millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa are coping
with rising temperatures (IPCC 2007; Jentsch et al. 2007; Engelbrecht et al. 2015)
increases in the severity and frequency of droughts and (Jentsch et al. 2007; Allen
et al. 2010; Ogalleh et al. 2012; Zhao and Dai 2015) floods (Mason et al. 1999; Frich
et al. 2002; Douglas et al. 2008), rising pest and disease incidence, (Cheke and
Tratalos 2007; Gregory et al. 2009) and soil degradation (Prospero and Lamb 2003;
Brevik 2013). Some regions, such as southern Africa, will likely get drier during the
winter season, while others (particularly at higher altitudes) may benefit as increased
temperatures create new farming options (Christensen, J. H. et al. (2007)). Yields
are likely to decrease substantially for cereal crops sensitive to heat and drought
(wheat, maize, rice) but less so for crops with higher heat tolerance (such as millet)
(Nelson et al. 2009; Leclerc et al. 2014). Overall, agricultural productivity and
incomes have declined for smallholder farmers, pastoralists and fishermen, and are
likely to decline further (FAO 2009; Gregory et al. 2009; Thulani and Phiri 2013;
Junaidu et al. 2017).
Food security poses a growing challenge for much of the continent. To help people
adapt to changing conditions, governments, the private sector and development partners
C. Mwongera (*) · A. M. Notenbaert · S. Grey · J. Osiemo · I. Kinyua · E. Girvetz
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Nairobi, Kenya
e-mail: c.mwongera@cgiar.org; a.notenbaert@cgiar.org; S.Grey@cgiar.org; J.Osiemo@cgiar.
org; I.Kinyua@cgiar.org; e.girvetz@cgiar.org
A. Nowak
World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
e-mail: a.nowak@cgiar.org
M. Lizarazo
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
e-mail: m.lizarazo@cgiar.org