163
© The Author(s) 2019
T. S. Rosenstock et al. (eds.), The Climate-Smart Agriculture Papers,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92798-5_14
Chapter 14
A Participatory Approach to Assessing
the Climate-Smartness of Agricultural
Interventions: The Lushoto Case
Lucas T. Manda, An M. O. Notenbaert, and Jeroen C. J. Groot
14.1 Introduction
In 2010, Tanzania’s agricultural sector accounted for approximately 28% of gross
domestic product and 24% of exports (Msambichaka et al. 2009). The sector
employed around 75% of the population and is regarded as important for the economic growth of the country (Mnenwa and Maliti 2010). Agriculture in Tanzania is
characterised by small-scale farms, whose average land area for cultivation is less
than 3 ha (Sarris et al. 2006). Smallholder farmers produce both crops and livestock
that are used mainly for subsistence (Amani 2005). Tanzanian agriculture depends
on rain as the main source of water, while women contribute a large proportion of
the labour force in the sector. In Tanzania, maize is the most widely produced crop
followed by rice, sorghum, millet and wheat (Rowhani et al. 2011).
Climate change has affected the living standards of people as well as the performance of important sectors of the Tanzanian economy (Tumbo et al. 2011). It has
been estimated that there will be an increase in average daily temperature of 3–5 °C
and average annual temperature of 2–5 °C in most parts of the country by the year
2050 (Tumbo et al. 2011). Rainfall is expected to decrease in most parts of the
southeastern highlands and central parts of the country, whereas an increase of rainfall is expected in most parts of the northeastern highlands as well as the Lake
Victoria Basin (Mwandosya et al. 1998). This variation in temperature and precipitation poses a major threat to cereal crops; with a temperature rise of 2 °C, by the
L. T. Manda (*)
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
A. M. O. Notenbaert
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Nairobi, Kenya
e-mail: a.notenbaert@cgiar.org
J. C. J. Groot
Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
© The Author(s) 2019
T. S. Rosenstock et al. (eds.), The Climate-Smart Agriculture Papers,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92798-5_14
Chapter 14
A Participatory Approach to Assessing
the Climate-Smartness of Agricultural
Interventions: The Lushoto Case
Lucas T. Manda, An M. O. Notenbaert, and Jeroen C. J. Groot
14.1 Introduction
In 2010, Tanzania’s agricultural sector accounted for approximately 28% of gross
domestic product and 24% of exports (Msambichaka et al. 2009). The sector
employed around 75% of the population and is regarded as important for the economic growth of the country (Mnenwa and Maliti 2010). Agriculture in Tanzania is
characterised by small-scale farms, whose average land area for cultivation is less
than 3 ha (Sarris et al. 2006). Smallholder farmers produce both crops and livestock
that are used mainly for subsistence (Amani 2005). Tanzanian agriculture depends
on rain as the main source of water, while women contribute a large proportion of
the labour force in the sector. In Tanzania, maize is the most widely produced crop
followed by rice, sorghum, millet and wheat (Rowhani et al. 2011).
Climate change has affected the living standards of people as well as the performance of important sectors of the Tanzanian economy (Tumbo et al. 2011). It has
been estimated that there will be an increase in average daily temperature of 3–5 °C
and average annual temperature of 2–5 °C in most parts of the country by the year
2050 (Tumbo et al. 2011). Rainfall is expected to decrease in most parts of the
southeastern highlands and central parts of the country, whereas an increase of rainfall is expected in most parts of the northeastern highlands as well as the Lake
Victoria Basin (Mwandosya et al. 1998). This variation in temperature and precipitation poses a major threat to cereal crops; with a temperature rise of 2 °C, by the
L. T. Manda (*)
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
A. M. O. Notenbaert
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Nairobi, Kenya
e-mail: a.notenbaert@cgiar.org
J. C. J. Groot
Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands