598
J. Jaisawal et al.
peptide and MI interactions will allow us to enhance our understanding of the specificity of peptide surface binding. This would also contribute to the improved design of
nanodevices and composite nanomaterials. In order to examine the molecular interactions between amino acid-inorganic surface, peptide-DNA, peptide-cell membrane
and peptide-inorganic surface, SMFS may also be successfully used.
6.2.1 Probing Inorganic Surface–Amino Acid
Previously, the AFM-SMFS approach was used to analyze extremely complex interactions between inorganic surfaces and peptides or to explore molecular interactions
between inorganic surfaces and individual amino acids [41–44].
6.2.2 Probing Peptide–Inorganic Surface
AFM-SMFS has been used widely in the past to reliably investigate single-molecular
interactions between peptides and inorganic surfaces [45–48]. For example, Krysiak
et al. used a combination of polymer desorption equilibrium theory and SMFS under
the terminal pulling approach to investigate the intrinsic monomeric desorption rate
k 0 of homopeptides such as polylysine and polytyrosine. Using hydrophobic selfassembled monolayers that are arranged on glass slides, these homopeptides were
covalently attached to an AFM probe [45].
6.3 Determining DNA–MI Interactions
For designing DNA-based biosensors, chips, functional biomaterials, and nanodevices, a deeper understanding of the molecular interactions between DNA molecules
and other biomolecules such as proteins, DNA, peptides, and other inorganic materials is quite important [49]. In order to analyze the interactions of DNA molecules
with peptide nucleic acid (PNA), complementary DNA, antibodies and different
substrates, AFM-based SMFS may be used. Here we emphasized on the application
of AFM-SMFS to probe the interaction of DNA molecules with various substrates.
6.3.1 Probing ssDNA–graphite Interaction
It is well known that particular DNA bases attach by non-covalent p-p interaction
to a graphite surface, so studying the ssDNA-graphite framework interactions can
enable us to strengthen our understanding of the interactions between hydrophobic
and polyelectrolytes substrates [50]. By using SMFS, the interaction force between
a flat solid surface and ssDNA molecules can be determined directly.
J. Jaisawal et al.
peptide and MI interactions will allow us to enhance our understanding of the specificity of peptide surface binding. This would also contribute to the improved design of
nanodevices and composite nanomaterials. In order to examine the molecular interactions between amino acid-inorganic surface, peptide-DNA, peptide-cell membrane
and peptide-inorganic surface, SMFS may also be successfully used.
6.2.1 Probing Inorganic Surface–Amino Acid
Previously, the AFM-SMFS approach was used to analyze extremely complex interactions between inorganic surfaces and peptides or to explore molecular interactions
between inorganic surfaces and individual amino acids [41–44].
6.2.2 Probing Peptide–Inorganic Surface
AFM-SMFS has been used widely in the past to reliably investigate single-molecular
interactions between peptides and inorganic surfaces [45–48]. For example, Krysiak
et al. used a combination of polymer desorption equilibrium theory and SMFS under
the terminal pulling approach to investigate the intrinsic monomeric desorption rate
k 0 of homopeptides such as polylysine and polytyrosine. Using hydrophobic selfassembled monolayers that are arranged on glass slides, these homopeptides were
covalently attached to an AFM probe [45].
6.3 Determining DNA–MI Interactions
For designing DNA-based biosensors, chips, functional biomaterials, and nanodevices, a deeper understanding of the molecular interactions between DNA molecules
and other biomolecules such as proteins, DNA, peptides, and other inorganic materials is quite important [49]. In order to analyze the interactions of DNA molecules
with peptide nucleic acid (PNA), complementary DNA, antibodies and different
substrates, AFM-based SMFS may be used. Here we emphasized on the application
of AFM-SMFS to probe the interaction of DNA molecules with various substrates.
6.3.1 Probing ssDNA–graphite Interaction
It is well known that particular DNA bases attach by non-covalent p-p interaction
to a graphite surface, so studying the ssDNA-graphite framework interactions can
enable us to strengthen our understanding of the interactions between hydrophobic
and polyelectrolytes substrates [50]. By using SMFS, the interaction force between
a flat solid surface and ssDNA molecules can be determined directly.