538
N. Yadav and R. Dhar
5 Conclusions
The technique of IS has evolved since its concept was articulated by Oliver Heaviside and has continued to support myriad contemporary industrial applications and
research fields. Impedance analysis provides a complete description of any complex
system as well as the impedance data has all necessary information. High experimental efficiency and good results which can be modeled as equivalent circuits,
interpreted in terms of theory of linear systems can be easily achieved by this technique. It has been successful in overcoming the great challenges of this century and
is applicable in various fields from engineering, science, medical and other interdisciplinary areas. Although IS is an important and useful technique, proper analysis of
complex systems has to be performed and correlated with other experimental data in
order to validate that the chosen equivalent circuit is reasonable physically. Further,
IS results are strengthen if the independently deduced experimental values are in
agreement with those found by fitting methods of the complex plane. So, process
of fitting the impedance data should be done precisely and carefully. Use of threedimensional plotting of impedance data should be increased because in most of the
cases, data is presented inadequately.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to Prof. S. L. Srivastava, formerly Head of the Physics Department, University of Allahabad, Allahabad for his valuable comments and suggestions. Thanks to
Mr. Rahul Uttam, a Research Scholar at Centre of Materials Sciences for his help in preparing some
of the figures.
References
1. J.R. Macdonald, Annals Bio. Eng. 20, 289–305 (1992)
2. A.J. Bard, M. Dekker (eds.), Electroanalytical Chemistry (New York, 1966)
3. N.S.K. Kumar, T.S. Shahid, G. Govindaraj, Phys. B 488, 99–107 (2016)
4. R. Punia, R.S. Kundu, M. Dult, S. Murugavel, N. Kishore, J. Appl. Phys. 112, 083701 (2012)
5. B. Behera, P. Nayak, R.N.P. Choudhary, J. Alloys Compd. 436, 226 (2007)
6. J.R. Macdonald, M.K. Brachman, Rev. Mod. Phys. 28, 393–422 (1956)
7. K.S. Cole, R.H. Cole, J. Chem. Phys. 9, 341–351 (1941)
8. J. Schrama, Ph.D. thesis, University of Leiden, Netherlands (1957).
9. P.B. Macedo, C.T. Moynihan, R. Bose, Physics Chem. Glasses 13, 171–179 (1972)
10. I.M. Hodge, M.D. Ingram, A.R. West, J. Electroanal. Chem. 58, 429–432 (1975)
11. I.M. Hodge, M.D. Ingram, A.R. West, J. Electroanal. Chem. 74, 125–143 (1976)
12. N.G. McCrum, B.E. Read, G. Williams, Anelastic and Dielectric Effects in Polymeric Solids
(Wiley, London, 1976), p. 111
13. W. Cao, R. Gerhardt, Solid State Ionics 42, 213–221 (1990)
14. M.J. Pulikkathumbayil, G. Govindaraj, Materials Lett. 264, 127314 (2020)
15. J.E. Bauerle, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 30, 2657–2670 (1969)
16. D.D. Macdonald, Transient Techniques in Electrochemistry (Plenum Press, New York, 1977).
17. U. Bertocci, Corrosion 35, 211–215 (1979)
18. D.D. Macdonald, M.C.H. McKubre, Electrochemical Corrosion Testing, (Florian Mansfield
and Ugo Bertocci, STP 727 (ASTM, Philadelphia, 1981).
N. Yadav and R. Dhar
5 Conclusions
The technique of IS has evolved since its concept was articulated by Oliver Heaviside and has continued to support myriad contemporary industrial applications and
research fields. Impedance analysis provides a complete description of any complex
system as well as the impedance data has all necessary information. High experimental efficiency and good results which can be modeled as equivalent circuits,
interpreted in terms of theory of linear systems can be easily achieved by this technique. It has been successful in overcoming the great challenges of this century and
is applicable in various fields from engineering, science, medical and other interdisciplinary areas. Although IS is an important and useful technique, proper analysis of
complex systems has to be performed and correlated with other experimental data in
order to validate that the chosen equivalent circuit is reasonable physically. Further,
IS results are strengthen if the independently deduced experimental values are in
agreement with those found by fitting methods of the complex plane. So, process
of fitting the impedance data should be done precisely and carefully. Use of threedimensional plotting of impedance data should be increased because in most of the
cases, data is presented inadequately.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to Prof. S. L. Srivastava, formerly Head of the Physics Department, University of Allahabad, Allahabad for his valuable comments and suggestions. Thanks to
Mr. Rahul Uttam, a Research Scholar at Centre of Materials Sciences for his help in preparing some
of the figures.
References
1. J.R. Macdonald, Annals Bio. Eng. 20, 289–305 (1992)
2. A.J. Bard, M. Dekker (eds.), Electroanalytical Chemistry (New York, 1966)
3. N.S.K. Kumar, T.S. Shahid, G. Govindaraj, Phys. B 488, 99–107 (2016)
4. R. Punia, R.S. Kundu, M. Dult, S. Murugavel, N. Kishore, J. Appl. Phys. 112, 083701 (2012)
5. B. Behera, P. Nayak, R.N.P. Choudhary, J. Alloys Compd. 436, 226 (2007)
6. J.R. Macdonald, M.K. Brachman, Rev. Mod. Phys. 28, 393–422 (1956)
7. K.S. Cole, R.H. Cole, J. Chem. Phys. 9, 341–351 (1941)
8. J. Schrama, Ph.D. thesis, University of Leiden, Netherlands (1957).
9. P.B. Macedo, C.T. Moynihan, R. Bose, Physics Chem. Glasses 13, 171–179 (1972)
10. I.M. Hodge, M.D. Ingram, A.R. West, J. Electroanal. Chem. 58, 429–432 (1975)
11. I.M. Hodge, M.D. Ingram, A.R. West, J. Electroanal. Chem. 74, 125–143 (1976)
12. N.G. McCrum, B.E. Read, G. Williams, Anelastic and Dielectric Effects in Polymeric Solids
(Wiley, London, 1976), p. 111
13. W. Cao, R. Gerhardt, Solid State Ionics 42, 213–221 (1990)
14. M.J. Pulikkathumbayil, G. Govindaraj, Materials Lett. 264, 127314 (2020)
15. J.E. Bauerle, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 30, 2657–2670 (1969)
16. D.D. Macdonald, Transient Techniques in Electrochemistry (Plenum Press, New York, 1977).
17. U. Bertocci, Corrosion 35, 211–215 (1979)
18. D.D. Macdonald, M.C.H. McKubre, Electrochemical Corrosion Testing, (Florian Mansfield
and Ugo Bertocci, STP 727 (ASTM, Philadelphia, 1981).